Integrity and Safety Management Challenges of Supercritical Pipeline Transportation at Offshore Platforms
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 15, Issue 4
Abstract
In response to China’s dual carbon call, the petroleum industry is committed to green transformation, promoting the energy green revolution, focusing on domestic offshore -enriched oil and gas reservoirs, and carrying out offshore platform carbon capture, utilization, and storage–enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) pilot projects. continuously displaces crude oil while being injected into deep-sea oil and gas reservoirs for carbon sequestration, achieving an increase in oil recovery and residual oil recovery. However, the implementation of offshore CCUS-EOR technology relies on the safe transportation of supercritical pipelines. Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of supercritical , the safe transportation of supercritical pipelines faces multiple threats. This paper focuses on the current status of safe transportation technology for supercritical pipelines on offshore platforms, and summarizes multiple operational challenges, including obtaining high gas sources, high construction costs of pipelines, complex phase change of media, and internal and external corrosion of pipelines. The risk factors for failure of supercritical pipelines on offshore platforms were systematically identified, and the mechanism of leakage hazards of supercritical pipelines was determined. Based on the six-step cycle of pipeline integrity management, a targeted integrity management method for supercritical pipelines on offshore platforms is proposed, providing reference for improving the safety transportation technology system of supercritical pipelines on offshore platforms.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (52074323), the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0708300), and the PetroChina Strategic Cooperation Science and Technology Project (ZLZX2020-05-02). The authors also acknowledge The National Youth Talent Support Program of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
References
Abuhishmeh, K., and H. Hojat Jalali. 2024. “Risk assessment of infrastructure using a modified adaptive neurofuzzy system: Theoretical application to sewer mains.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 15 (2): 04024005. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPSEA2.PSENG-1560.
ASME. 2022. Managing system integrity of gas pipelines. ASME B31.8S-2022. New York: ASME.
Cao, X., Z. Xie, and W. Peng. 2021. “Research progress of erosion in multiphase pipelines.” Oil Gas Storage Transp. 40 (10): 1092–1098. https://doi.org/10.6047/j.issn.1000-8241.2021.10.002.
Cavanagh, A., and P. Ringrose. 2014. “Improving oil recovery and enabling CCS: A comparison of offshore gas-recycling in Europe to CCUS in North America.” Energy Procedia 63 (Jun): 7677–7684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.801.
Central People’s Government of the Peopl’s Republic of China. 2011. “Order of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.” Accessed March 3, 2011. https://www.gov.cn/flfg/2011-03/11/content_1822902.htm.
Chen, L. 2016. “Sinopec carbon dioxide pipeline transportation technology and practice.” Pet. Eng. Constr. 42 (4). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-2206.2016.04.002.
China National Standards. 2011. Risk assessment for buried steel pipeline. GB/T 27512-2011. Beijing: China National Standards.
China National Standards. 2018. Specifications for engineering of carbon dioxide pipeline transportation. SH/T 3202-2018. Beijing: China National Standards.
Chinese Medical Encyclopedia. 1982. Chinese medical encyclopedia: Toxicology. Beijing: China Union Medical University Press.
de Visser, E., C. Hendriks, M. Barrio, M. J. Mølnvik, G. de Koeijer, S. Liljemark, and Y. Le Gallo. 2008. “Dynamis quality recommendations.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 2 (4): 478–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.04.006.
Ding, H., Y. Zhang, Y. Dong, C. Wen, and Y. Yang. 2023. “High-pressure supersonic carbon dioxide () separation benefiting carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technology.” Appl. Energy 339 (Apr): 120975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120975.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2010. Design and operation of CO2 pipelines. Bærum, Norway: DNV.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2021a. Design and operation of carbon dioxide pipelines. DNV-RP-F104. Bærum, Norway: DNV.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2021b. Submarine pipeline systems. DNV-ST-F101. Bærum, Norway: DNV.
Drilling Contractor. 2021. “DNV updates carbon capture and storage RP.” Accessed July 17, 2024. https://drillingcontractor.org/dnv-updates-carbon-capture-and-storage-rp-59869.
Duan, J., S. Ma, and Y. Huang. 2001. “Study on regional seabed sediment induced corrosion.” Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol. 2001 (1): 37–41.
Duguid, A., J. Hawkins, and L. Keister. 2022. “CO2 Pipeline risk assessment and comparison for the midcontinent United States.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 116 (Apr): 103636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103636.
Edouard, M. N., C. J. Okere, C. Ejike, P. Dong, and M. A. M. Suliman. 2023. “Comparative numerical study on the co-optimization of storage and utilization in EOR, EGR, and EWR: Implications for CCUS project development.” Appl. Energy 347 (Jun): 121448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121448.
El-Kady, A. H., M. T. Amin, F. Khan, and M. M. El-Halwagi. 2024. “Analysis of pipeline regulations from a safety perspective for offshore carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).” J. Cleaner Prod. 439 (Sep): 140734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140734.
Fang, Y., Y. Gao, Y. Gong, and S. Xia. 2024. “A review of the viscosity of carbon dioxide expanded liquids in enhanced oil recovery.” Chem. Ind. Eng. 41 (1): 90–102. https://doi.org/10.13353/j.issn.1004.9533.20220108.
Hang, Z., J. Shuai, H. Xu, and T. Zhang. 2021. “Efficiency evaluation method on integrity management of urban gas pipeline.” Supplement, J. Saf. Sci. Technol. 17 (S1): 165–171. https://doi.org/10.11731/j.issn.1673-193x.2021.S1.029.
Hattori, T., H. Nam, and A. Chapman. 2022. “Multilateral energy technology cooperation: Improving collaboration effectiveness through evidence from International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programmes.” Energy Strategy Rev. 43 (Apr): 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100920.
Hu, Y., X. Yan, L. Chen, S. Yu, C. Liu, and J. Yu. 2022. “Leakage hazard distance of supercritical pipelines through experimental and numerical studies.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 119 (Feb): 103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103730.
Hua, Y., R. Barker, and A. Neville. 2014. “Effect of temperature on the critical water content for general and localised corrosion of X65 carbon steel in the transport of supercritical CO2.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 31 (Mar): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.09.026.
Jiang, B., and M. Y. Raza. 2023. “Research on China’s renewable energy policies under the dual carbon goals: A political discourse analysis.” Energy Strategy Rev. 48 (Jun): 101118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101118.
Jiang, R. 2022. “Status analysis and prospect of domestic and foreign CCUS projects.” Saf. Health Environ. 2022 (4): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7932.2022.04.001.
Kent, W. 2005. Pipeline risk management manual. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Li, J. 2022. “Accelerate the offshore CCUS to carbon-neutral China.” In Fundamental research. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Li, K., Y. Zeng, and J. Luo. 2021. “Influence of H2S on the general corrosion and sulfide stress cracking of pipelines steels for supercritical transportation.” Corros. Sci. 190 (May): 109639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109639.
Li, K., X. Zhou, R. Tu, Q. Xie, and X. Jiang. 2014. “The flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical leakage from a pipeline.” Energy 71 (Jun): 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.005.
Li, K., X. Zhou, R. Tu, Q. Xie, J. Yi, and X. Jiang. 2016. “An experimental investigation of supercritical accidental release from a pressurized pipeline.” J. Supercrit. Fluids 107 (Sep): 298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.09.024.
Li, Y., W. Wang, Z.-F. Chen, and Y.-X. Li. 2023. “Integrity assessment of supercritical transport pipelines.” Geoenergy Sci. Eng. 221 (Jan): 211355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2022.211355.
Liu, M., and Y. Li. 2014. “Analysis of the influence of parameters on the process of supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline economy.” Guangzhou Chem. Ind. 2014 (20): 421–423.
Liu, Y., and X. Chen. 2010. “Miscible conditions of flooding technology used in low permeability reservoirs.” Pet. Explor. Dev. 37 (4): 466–470.
Løvseth, S. W., H. G. J. Stang, A. Austegard, S. F. Westman, R. Span, and R. Wegge. 2016. “Measurements of -rich mixture properties: Status and CCS needs.” Energy Procedia 86 (Apr): 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.01.048.
Lyons, C. J., J. M. Race, B. Wetenhall, E. Chang, H. F. Hopkins, and J. Barnett. 2019. “Assessment of the applicability of failure frequency models for dense phase carbon dioxide pipelines.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 87 (Dec): 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.05.014.
Marbun, B. T. H., et al. 2021. “Improvement of borehole and casing assessment of -EOR/CCUS injection and production well candidates in Sukowati Field, Indonesia in a well-based scale.” Energy Rep. 7 (Nov): 1598–1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.03.019.
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. 2015. Catalogue of hazardous chemicals. Beijing: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
Pourahmadi, M., and M. Saybani. 2022. “Reliability analysis with corrosion defects in submarine pipeline case study: Oil pipeline in Ab-khark island.” Ocean Eng. 249 (Oct): 110885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110885.
Qin, J., Q. Zhong, Y. Tang, Z. Rui, S. Qiu, and H. Chen. 2023. “CO2 storage potential assessment of offshore saline aquifers in China.” Fuel 341 (Dec): 127681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127681.
Ren, B., F. Male, and I. J. Duncan. 2022. “Economic analysis of CCUS: Accelerated development for EOR and storage in residual oil zones under the context of 45Q tax credit.” Appl. Energy 321 (Jul): 119393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119393.
Rodríguez-Romero, A., M. D. Basallote, M. R. De Orte, T. Á. DelValls, I. Riba, and J. Blasco. 2014. “Simulation of leakages during injection and storage in sub-seabed geological formations: Metal mobilization and biota effects.” Environ. Int. 68 (Mar): 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.008.
Romeo, L., R. Thomas, M. Mark-Moser, A. Bean, J. Bauer, and K. Rose. 2022. “Data-driven offshore saline storage assessment methodology.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 119 (Apr): 103736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103736.
Safety and Environmental Protection Bureau of China Petrochemical Corporation. 2011. Handbook for the protection of hazardous substances. Beijing: China Petrochemical Press.
Shirley, P., and P. Myles. 2019. Quality guidelines for energy system studies: CO2 impurity design parameters. Washington, DC: DOE. https://doi.org/10.2172/1566771.
Sim, S., I. S. Cole, F. Bocher, P. Corrigan, R. P. Gamage, N. Ukwattage, and N. Birbilis. 2013. “Investigating the effect of salt and acid impurities in supercritical as relevant to the corrosion of carbon capture and storage pipelines.” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 17 (May): 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.06.013.
Sun, H., H. Wang, Y. Zeng, and J. Liu. 2023. “Corrosion challenges in supercritical transportation, storage, and utilization—A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 179 (Jun): 113292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113292.
Tamburini, F., S. Bonvicini, and V. Cozzani. 2024. “Consequences of subsea blowouts in shallow water.” Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 183 (Aug): 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.01.008.
Teng, L., X. Liu, X. Li, Y. Li, and C. Lu. 2021. “An approach of quantitative risk assessment for release of supercritical pipelines.” J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 94 (Sep): 104131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104131.
Wang, L. 2019. “Prevention measures and cause analysis of a submarine pipeline.” Chem. Eng. Equip. 2019 (10): 66–68.
Wang, Q. 2018. “Research status of supercritical pipeline transportation.” Yunnan Chem. Technol. 45 (12): 120–121.
Wang, S. 2015. “Effect of water content of crude oil on corrosion behavior of oil and gas tubular goods steel in supercritical system.” Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol. 27 (1): 73–77.
Wang, W., X. He, Y. Li, and J. Shuai. 2022. “Risk analysis on corrosion of submarine oil and gas pipelines based on hybrid Bayesian network.” Ocean Eng. 260 (Apr): 111957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111957.
Wang, Y., L. Xu, J. Sun, and Y. Cheng. 2021. “Mechano-electrochemical interaction for pipeline corrosion: A review.” J. Pipeline Sci. Eng. 1 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpse.2021.01.002.
Xie, Q., R. Tu, X. Jiang, K. Li, and X. Zhou. 2014. “The leakage behavior of supercritical flow in an experimental pipeline system.” Appl. Energy 130 (Feb): 574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.088.
Xue, Y., J. Li, J. Liu, and L. Ding. 2024. “Simulation study on the rock-breaking behavior of a straight-swirling mixed supercritical jet.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 243 (Jan): 122551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122551.
Yang, J., C. Yang, Q. Gu, C. Zhu, M. Luo, and P. Zhong. 2023. “Economic evaluation and influencing factors of CCUS-EOR technology: A case study from a high water-bearing oilfield in Xinjiang, China.” Energy Rep. 10 (Jul): 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.06.013.
Yu, J., Q. Zeng, Y. Yu, S. Wu, H. Ding, H. Gao, and J. Yang. 2022. “An intuitionistic fuzzy probabilistic Petri net method for risk assessment on submarine pipeline leakage failure.” Ocean Eng. 266 (Feb): 112788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112788.
Yu, Y., J. Xu, B. Liu, T. Chai, and C. Sun. 2023. “Selective corrosion behavior of X80 steel heat affected zone by SRB in coastal saline soil.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 203 (Aug): 104924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.104924.
Zanobetti, F., S. Martynov, V. Cozzani, and H. Mahgerefteh. 2023. “Multi-objective economic and environmental assessment for the preliminary design of transport pipelines.” J. Cleaner Prod. 411 (May): 137330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137330.
Zeng, Y., and K. Li. 2020. “Influence of on the corrosion and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of supercritical transportation pipelines.” Corros. Sci. 165 (Feb): 108404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108404.
Zhang, Q., Y. Yang, X. Zhang, S. Liu, W. Bi, G. Zhang, and S. Jia. 2023. “Technology status and challenge of integrity management of supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline.” Oil Gas Storage Transp. 42 (2): 152–160.
Zheng, J., O. Zhao, and P. Chen. 2023. “Experimental study on feasibility of CO2-WAG flooding in offshore low permeability oilfield.” Adv. Fine Petrochemicals 24 (2): 31–34.
Zhu, W., D. Sun, F. Xie, M. Wu, Y. Xu, and S. Ren. 2023. “Effects of corrosion defect growth on submarine pipeline under operating pressure and axial displacement.” Ocean Eng. 267 (Feb): 113297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113297.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 15 • Issue 4 • November 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Aug 23, 2024
Published in print: Nov 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2025
ASCE Technical Topics:
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.