Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets–Reinforced Putty on the Burst Performances of Repaired Steel Pipes
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 14, Issue 2
Abstract
The demand to reduce fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite wrap to repair damaged pipes is increasing. However, there is currently no proper execution and evaluation of improving the properties of the infill material, i.e., putty for pipeline repair. Finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to investigate the performance and behavior of composite repair components individually, i.e., pipe, putty incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and composite wrap. A finite-element (FE) model was developed and verified with previous studies with a margin of less than 15% error, followed by finite-element (FE) simulation using different putty properties. The burst capacity of the repaired pipe increased by 1.5%, indicating a nonsignificant contribution of GNPs toward load-bearing capacity. Nevertheless, putty with GNPs minimized a pipe’s sudden rupture and improved the putty’s load-transfer and load-sharing mechanisms by serving as secondary layer protection in the event of composite wrap failure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE) under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant No. FRGS/1/2019/TK03/UTM/02/7), and certain equipment have been supplied by Orbiting Scientific & Technology Sdn. Bhd.
References
Arifin, H. H., L. Zardasti, K. S. Lim, N. Md. Noor, N. Yahaya, A. N. Mazlan, and A. R. Mohd. Sam. 2021. “Stress distribution analysis of composite repair with carbon nanotubes reinforced putty for damaged steel pipeline.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 194 (Dec): 104537.
Atta, N. F., A. Galal, and E. H. El-Ads. 2015. “Graphene—A platform for sensor and biosensor applications.” In Biosens. - Micro Nanoscale Appl., edited by T. Rinken, 37–84. London: InTech.
Azraai, S. N. A. 2017. “Characterization of epoxy grout as infill material for pipeline composite repair system.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Queensland.
Azraai, S. N. A., K. S. Lim, N. Yahaya, and N. M. Noor. 2016. “Characterization of mechanical properties of graphene-modified epoxy resin for pipeline repair.” Int. J. Chem. Mol. Nucl. Mater. Metall. Eng. 10 (1): 15–18.
Baltzis, D., S. Orfanidis, A. Lekatou, and A. S. Paipetis. 2016. “Stainless steel coupled with carbon nanotube-modified epoxy and carbon fibre composites: Electrochemical and mechanical study.” Plast. Rubber Compos. 45 (3): 95–105.
Bobba, S., Z. Leman, E. S. Zainuddin, and S. M. Sapuan. 2017. “Failures analysis of E-glass fibre reinforced pipes in oil and gas industry: A review.” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 217 (1): 1–10.
Chandra Khan, V., G. Balaganesan, A. Kumar Pradhan, and M. S. Sivakumar. 2017. “Nanofillers reinforced polymer composites wrap to repair corroded steel pipe lines.” J. Press. Vessel Technol. 139 (4): 041411.
Chatterjee, S., J. W. Wang, W. S. Kuo, N. H. Tai, C. Salzmann, W. L. Li, R. Hollertz, F. A. Nüesch, and B. T. T. Chu. 2012. “Mechanical reinforcement and thermal conductivity in expanded graphene nanoplatelets reinforced epoxy composites.” Chem. Phys. Lett. 531 (Apr): 6–10.
Dong, H. S., and S. J. Qi. 2015. “Realising the potential of graphene-based materials for biosurfaces–A future perspective.” Biosurf. Biotribol. 1 (4): 229–248.
Duell, J. M., J. M. Wilson, and M. R. Kessler. 2008. “Analysis of a carbon composite overwrap pipeline repair system.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 85 (11): 782–788.
Esmaeel, R. A., M. A. Khan, and F. Taheri. 2012. “Assessment of the environmental effects on the performance of FRP repaired steel pipes subjected to internal pressure.” J. Press. Vessel Technol. 134 (4): 1–7.
Kong, D., X. Huang, M. Xin, and G. Xian. 2020. “Effects of defect dimensions and putty properties on the burst performances of steel pipes wrapped with CFRP composites.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 186 (Jul): 104139.
Lee, G. H., H. Pouraria, J. K. Seo, and J. K. Paik. 2015. “Burst strength behaviour of an aging subsea gas pipeline elbow in different external and internal corrosion-damaged positions.” Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 7 (3): 435–451.
Lim, K. S. 2017. “Behaviour of repaired composite steel pipeline using epoxy grout as infill material.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Lim, K. S., S. N. A. Azraai, N. M. Noor, and N. Yahaya. 2016. “An overview of corroded pipe repair techniques using composite materials.” Int. J. Chem. Mol. Nucl. Mater. Metall. Eng. 10 (1): 19–25.
Mazurkiewicz, L., M. Tomaszewski, J. Malachowski, K. Sybilski, M. Chebakov, M. Witek, P. Yukhymets, and R. Dmitrienko. 2017. “Experimental and numerical study of steel pipe with part-wall defect reinforced with fibre glass sleeve.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 149 (Jan): 108–119.
Mazurkiewicz, Ł., J. Małachowski, M. Tomaszewski, P. Baranowski, and P. Yukhymets. 2016. “Performance of steel pipe reinforced with composite sleave.” Comput. Struct. 183 (1): 199–211.
Ossai, C. 2017. “Finite element modelling and retained life estimation of corroded pipelines in consideration of burst pressures—A fractural mechanics approach.” Infrastructures 2 (4): 15.
Panjehpour, M., N. Farzadnia, M. P. Anwar, and A. A. A. Ali. 2011. “FRP sheets contribution in common repair techniques of concrete structures with emphasis on concrete columns.” Int. J. Sustain. Constr. Eng. Technol. 2 (2): 54–61.
Pereira, J. C. R., A. M. P. de Jesus, A. A. Fernandes, and G. Varelis. 2016. “Monotonic, low-cycle fatigue, and ultralow-cycle fatigue behaviors of the X52, X60, and X65 piping steel grades.” J. Press. Vessel Technol. 138 (3): 031403. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032277.
Saeed, N. 2015. “Composite overwrap repair system for pipelines - Onshore and offshore application.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Queensland.
Shamsuddoha, M. 2014. “Behaviour of infilled rehabilitation system with composites for steel pipe.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences, Univ. of Southern Queensland.
Shamsuddoha, M., M. M. Islam, T. Aravinthan, A. Manalo, and K. Lau. 2013a. “Characterisation of mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy grouts for composite repair of steel pipelines.” Mater. Des. (1980-2015) 52 (Dec): 315–327.
Shamsuddoha, M., M. M. Islam, T. Aravinthan, A. Manalo, and K. Lau. 2013b. “Effectiveness of using fibre-reinforced polymer composites for underwater steel pipeline repairs.” Comput. Struct. 100 (Jun): 40–54.
Shen, M. Y., T. Y. Chang, T. H. Hsieh, Y. L. Li, C. L. Chiang, H. Yang, and M. C. Yip. 2013. “Mechanical properties and tensile fatigue of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polymer nanocomposites.” J. Nanomater. 2013 (Jan): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/565401.
Shouman, A., and F. Taheri. 2011. “Compressive strain limits of composite repaired pipelines under combined loading states.” Compos. Struct. 93 (6): 1538–1548.
Simulia. 2014. Abaqus 6.14/CAE user’s manual. Providence, RI: Simulia.
Steffens, D. 2018. “Oil prices poised to rise as cycle comes to an end.” OilPrice.com. Accessed August 28, 2021. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Prices-Poised-To-Rise-As-Cycle-Comes-To-An-End.html.
Tshai, K. Y., P. Khalili, I. Kong, C. H. Yeoh, and K. H. Tshai. 2016. “Synthesization of graphene and its incorporation into natural fiber reinforced thermosetting nanocomposite.” J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 11 (1): 121–127.
Wei, J., R. Atif, T. Vo, and F. Inam. 2015. “Graphene nanoplatelets in epoxy system: dispersion, reaggregation, and mechanical properties of nanocomposites.” J. Nanomater. 16 (1): 1–12.
Zainal, N., H. H. Arifin, L. Zardasti, N. Yahaya, K. S. Lim, J. W. Lai, and N. M. Noor. 2018a. “Tensile properties of epoxy grout incorporating graphene nanoplatelets for pipeline repair.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Civil, Offshore Environ. Eng. (ICCOEE2018), 1–7. France: MATEC Web of Conferences.
Zainal, N., H. H. Arifin, L. Zardasti, N. Yahaya, K. S. Lim, and N. Md Noor. 2018b. “Mechanical properties of graphene-modified epoxy grout for pipeline composite repair.” Int. J. Integr. Eng. 10 (4): 176–184.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 29, 2022
Accepted: Dec 14, 2022
Published online: Feb 11, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 11, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.