Improved Thrust Restraint Design Considering Displacement of Pipe Bend and Joint Separation
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 14, Issue 2
Abstract
The stability of pressure pipe bends is evaluated by the equilibrium between the thrust force and resistance forces in the current design, and the behavior of pipe bends is not considered. Force–displacement (F–D) relationships, which are used for predicting the displacement of pipe bends, include the performance of pipe joints in the design of pipe bends and shift the design method to a performance-based approach. However, F–D relationships have been proposed only under plane-strain conditions. The behavior of pipe bends cannot be represented in two dimensions. Therefore, in this study, the prediction method of the F–D relationship for buried structures is extended to a three-dimensional condition to improve the design method of pipe bends with thrust restraint. Lateral loading experiments on thrust restraint, using rigid thrust blocks and flexible thrust restraints with geogrids and gravel, were conducted in dry sand to investigate the lateral behavior of rigid and flexible thrust restraints and to obtain F–D curves with different dimensions of thrust restraint. The experimental results revealed that the deformation of the flexible thrust restraint had little effect on the lateral resistance force if proper dimensions of the thrust restraints were determined. Using the experimental results, the F–D relationship was formulated based on a hyperbolic curve. The proposed equations were able to predict the resistance force relatively well at small lateral displacements. In addition to the formulation of the F–D relationship, a new design procedure considering the pipe displacement and performance of pipe joints was developed by combining the proposed F–D prediction method and the joint separation model proposed in previous studies.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. 20H00441 and 20J21213.
References
Al-Shayea, N. 2006. “Pullout capacity of block anchor in unsaturated sand.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. Unsaturated Soils, 403–414. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)29.
Audibert, J. M. E., and K. J. Nyman. 1977. “Soil restraint against horizontal motion of pipes.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 103 (10): 1119–1142. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000500.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2013. M45 fiberglass pipe design. 3rd ed. Denver: AWWA.
Das, B. M., and G. R. Seely. 1975. “Load-displacement relationship for vertical anchor plates.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (7): 711–715. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000180.
Dickin, E. A., and C. F. Leung. 1983. “Centrifugal model tests on vertical anchor plates.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (12): 1503–1525. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:12(1503).
Duncan, J. M., and R. L. Mokwa. 2001. “Passive earth pressures: Theories and tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (3): 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(248).
Geotextile Reinforced Soil Methods Promotion Committee. 2013. Design and construction manual for reinforced soil using geotextiles. [In Japanese.] 2nd ed. Tokyo: Public Works Research Center.
Ghaly, A. M. 1997. “Load-displacement prediction for horizontally loaded vertical plates.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 123 (1): 74–76. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:1(74).
Hansen, J. B. 1966. “Resistance of a rectangular anchor slab.” Danish Geotech. Inst. Bull. 21: 12–13.
Iai, S. 1989. “Similitude for shaking table tests on soil-structure-fluid model in 1g gravitational field.” Soils Found. 29 (1): 105–118. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.105.
Itani, Y., N. Fujita, M. Ariyoshi, Y. Mohri, and T. Kawabata. 2016. “Dynamic behavior of flexibly jointed pipeline with a bend in liquefied ground.” [In Japanese.] Trans. Jpn. Soc. Irrig. Drain. Rural Eng. 84 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11408/jsidre.84.I_1.
Jadid, R., M. Z. Abedin, A. R. Shahriar, and M. Z. U. Arif. 2018. “Analytical model for pullout capacity of a vertical concrete anchor block embedded at shallow depth in cohesionless soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 06018017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001212.
Jung, J. K., T. D. O’Rourke, and C. Argyrou. 2016. “Multi-directional force–displacement response of underground pipe in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (11): 1763–1781. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0059.
Kawabata, T., Y. Sawada, A. Izumi, A. Kashiwagi, T. Hanazawa, S. Okuno, and M. Suzuki. 2010. “Field verification test for buried bend with lightweight thrust restraint using geogrid.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. Geosynthesis Society, 1327–1332. Grajua, Brazil: International Geosynthetics Society.
Kawabata, T., Y. Sawada, K. Ogushi, and K. Uchida. 2007. “Large scale tests of buried bend with lightweight thrust restraint method.” In Proc., 17th Int. Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 908–913. Cupertino, CA: The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Kawabata, T., K. Uchida, Y. Tanaka, T. Hirai, K. Saito, Y. Sawada, H. Nakase, T. Hirayama, and M. Imai. 2003. “Thrust protecting method for buried bend using the geosynthetics.” [In Japanese.] Geosynth. Eng. J. 18: 215–220. https://doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal.18.215.
Liu, M., and R. Ortega. 2021. “Thrust restraint of buried continuous pressure pipe considering pipe-soil interaction.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 12 (4): 04021039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000577.
MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan). 2021. Planning and design criteria of land improvement project (Pipeline). [In Japanese.] Tokyo: The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage, and Rural Engineering.
Mohri, Y., S. Masukawa, T. Hori, and M. Ariyoshi. 2014. “Damage to agricultural facilities.” Soils Found. 54 (4): 588–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.06.025.
Mohri, Y., M. Yasunaka, and S. Tani. 1995. “Damage to buried pipeline due to liquefaction induced performance at the ground by the Hokkaido-Nansei Oki Earthquake in 1993.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, edited by K. Ishihara, 31–36. Tokyo: Japanese Geotechnical Society.
Ohta, Y., Y. Sawada, M. Ariyoshi, Y. Mohri, and T. Kawabata. 2022. “Effects of gravel layer as thrust restraint for pipe bends subjected to earthquake loading.” Int. J. Phys. Model. Geotech. 22 (2): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.20.00072.
Ohta, Y., Y. Sawada, K. Ono, M. Kawamura, and T. Kawabata. 2018a. “Effects of shape dimensions of the lightweight thrust restraint method for buried pipe bend on additional lateral resistance.” [In Japanese.] Geosynth. Eng. J. 33: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal.33.55.
Ohta, Y., Y. Sawada, K. Ono, H. I. Ling, and T. Kawabata. 2018b. “Model experiments on influence of the bending angles on lateral resistance acting on buried pipe bends.” In Proc., 28th Int. Ocean and Polar Engineering Conf., 589–593. Cupertino, CA: The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Ovesen, N. K. 1964. “Anchor slabs, calculation methods, and model tests.” Geoteknisk Institut Bull 16: 5–39.
Sharma, A., M. Alzaylaie, R. Vandanapu, and K. Khalaf. 2021. “Numerical and analytical studies of 3D effects on pullout capacity of anchor blocks in granular compacted fill.” Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng. 7 (13): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00259-w.
Shumaker, S., G. Cashon, A. Cox, R. Conner, and S. Rajar. 2017. “Update to the improved approach for the design of thrust blocks in buried pipelines.” In Proc., Pipelines 2017, 586–596. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480878.053.
Trautmann, C. H., and T. D. O’Rourke. 1985. “Lateral force-displacement response of buried pipe.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (9): 1077–1092. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:9(1077).
Yamaguchi, Y. 2017. “A study on maintenance situation and risk management of irrigation pipeline.” [In Japanese.] Water Land Environ. Eng. 85 (10): 945–948. https://doi.org/10.11408/jjsidre.85.10_945.
Yimsiri, S., K. Soga, K. Yoshizaki, G. R. Dasari, and T. D. O’Rourke. 2004. “Lateral and upward soil-pipeline interactions in sand for deep embedment conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (8): 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:8(830).
Zarghamee, M. S., D. W. Eggers, R. P. Ojdrovic, and D. P. Valentine. 2004. “Thrust restraint design of concrete pressure pipe.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:1(95).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 21, 2021
Accepted: Dec 8, 2022
Published online: Feb 7, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 7, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.