Impact of Load Transfer during Braking on the Reliability of Bituminous Pavements
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 150, Issue 2
Abstract
This investigation examines the influence of braking on the reliability of bituminous pavements. For this purpose, different loading conditions of a two-axle truck are simulated using vehicle dynamics software. Individual response surface methodology models to predict critical strain values are developed for various thickness and modulus values and loading combinations. Monte Carlo simulations are then used to generate random variabilities of input parameters, and the reliability is estimated accordingly. Three different cases are simulated. In the first case, it is assumed that all the vehicles impact the pavement by braking, and the reduced reliability is found to vary between 99.8% and 1.2% for the different loading and braking conditions. In the second case, the allowable load repetitions for fatigue damage are computed for a given reliability of 90% and are found to vary between 24 and 1 million standard axle (MSA). In the third case, different combinations of braking conditions are investigated, and the reliability is estimated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Prof. Shankar C. Subramanian, IIT Madras, for providing access to use TruckMaker software and Prof. Aravind Swamy, IIT Delhi, for the valuable discussions regarding this study.
References
AASHTO. 1993. AASHTO guide for design of pavement structures. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2008. Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide: A manual of practice. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Addinsoft. 2021. XLSTAT—A complete statistical add-in for Microsoft Excel (version 2021.1). Paris: Addinsoft.
Aguiar-Moya, J. P., and J. Prozzi. 2011. Development of reliable pavement models. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Univ. System.
Antony, J. 2014. Design of experiments for engineers and scientists. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, UK: Heriot-Watt Univ.
Asphalt Institute. 2001. Thickness design: Asphalt pavements for highways and streets (manual series No.1). College Park, MD: Asphalt Institute.
AUSTROADS. 2004. Pavement design: A Guide to the structural design of road pavements. Sydney, NSW, Australia: AUSTROADS.
Baake, U., K. Wüst, M. Maurer, and A. Lutz. 2014. “Testing and simulation-based validation of ESP systems for vans.” ATZ Worldwide 116 (2): 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s38311-014-0021-6.
Cebon, D. 1993. “Interaction between heavy vehicles and roads.” In Proc., SAE Technical Papers. Warrendale, PA: SAE International.
Corté, J.-F., and M.-T. Goux. 1996. “Design of pavement structures: The French technical guide.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1539 (1): 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153900116.
Dilip, D. M., P. Ravi, and G. L. Sivakumar Babu. 2013. “System reliability analysis of flexible pavements.” J. Transp. Eng. 139 (10): 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000578.
Dilip, D. M., and G. L. Sivakumar Babu. 2013. “Methodology for pavement design reliability and back analysis using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation.” J. Transp. Eng. 139 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000455.
Fambro, D., K. Fitzpatrick, and R. Koppa. 1997. Determination of stopping sight distances. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Fleischhacker, J., P. Wanger, E. Topcagic, and P. Rund. 2012. “Real time driving dynamics simulation in heavy commercial vehicles.” In Proc., Apply and Innovate, IPG Technology Conf. Karlsruhe, Germany: IPG Technology.
Gillespie, T. D., S. M. Karamihas, D. S. Cebon, W. Hansen, and N. Ehsan. 1993. Effects of heavy-vehicle characteristics on pavement response and performance. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
Haataja, M., and T. Leinonen. 2000. “On the distribution of braking forces in road braking.” SAE Trans. 109: 521–532.
Huang, Y. H. 2012. Pavement analysis and design. 2nd ed. London: Pearson Education.
Hunter, R. N., A. Self, and J. Read. 2015. The shell bitumen handbook. London: ICE Publishing.
IITPAVE. 2021. Pavement design software. Kharagpur, India: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.
IPG Automotive GmbH. 2014. Simulation solutions—Test systems—Engineering services, TruckMaker reference manual version 4.5. Karlsruhe, Germany: IPG Automotive.
IRC (Indian Roads Congress). 2018. Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements. IRC: 37-2018. New Delhi, India: IRC.
ISO. 2016. Mechanical vibration-road surface profiles-reporting of measured data. ISO 8608: 2016. Geneva: ISO.
Lemer, A. C., and F. Moavenzadeh. 1971. “Reliability of highway pavements.” Highway Res. Rec. 362: 1–8.
Maji, A., and A. Das. 2008. “Reliability considerations of bituminous pavement design by mechanistic-empirical approach.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 9 (1): 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430600997240.
Mamlouk, M. S. 1997. “General outlook of pavement and vehicle dynamics.” ASCE J. Transp. Eng. 123 (6): 515–517. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1997)123:6(515).
Markow, M. J., J. K. Hedrick, B. D. Brademeyer, and E. Abbo. 1988. “Analyzing the interactions between dynamic vehicle loads and highway pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1196: 161–169.
Noureldin, S. A., E. Sharaf, A. Arafah, and F. Al-Sugair. 1994. “Estimation of standard deviation of predicted performance of flexible pavements using AASHTO model.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1449 (1): 46–56.
Noureldin, S. A., E. Sharaf, A. Arafah, and F. Al-Sugair. 1996. “Rational selection of factors of safety in reliability-based design of flexible pavements in Saudi Arabia.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1540 (1): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154000106.
Olofsson, M., and J. Pettersson. 2015. “Parameterization and validation of road and driver behavior models for carmaker simulations and transmission HIL-rig.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers Univ. of Technology.
Prebeck, M., P. Rissling, and M. Folie. 2012. “Maneuver based validation of BMW xdrive variants by using virtual vehicle integration and hil test methods.” In Proc., Apply and Innovate, IPG Technology Conf. Karlsruhe, Germany: Freude am Fahren.
Rajamani, R. 2011. Vehicle dynamics and control. Berlin: Springer.
R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rema, A., and A. K. Swamy. 2017. “Investigation of sampling strategy on estimating strains in flexible pavements through response surface method (RSM).” In Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfield, 623–629. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Retherford, J. Q., and M. McDonald. 2010. “Reliability methods applicable to mechanistic–empirical pavement design method.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2154 (1): 130–137. https://doi.org/10.3141/2154-13.
Saride, S., P. R. T. Peddinti, and M. B. Basha. 2019. “Reliability perspective on optimum design of flexible pavements for fatigue and rutting performance.” J. Transp. Eng. Part B Pavements 145 (2): 112. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000108.
Savio, D., A. Challa, S. C. Subramanian, and J. Murali Krishnan. 2023. “Influence of road profiles and truck braking on the dynamic load transfer to the pavement.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 24 (2): 2090559. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2022.2090559.
Savio, D., P. Paul, and J. Murali Krishnan. 2016. Statistical analysis of axle load distributions in India.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Transportation and Development 2016, 1206–1216. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Selezneva, O. I., Y. J. Jiang, and G. Mladenovic. 2002. Evaluation and analysis of LTPP pavement layer thickness data. McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration.
Theyse, H., J. Maina, and L. Kannemeyer. 2011. “Interim revision of the south African mechanistic-empirical pavement design method for flexible pavements.” In Proc., 10th Conf. on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa. KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Champagne Sports Resorts.
Thyagarajan, S., B. Muhunthan, N. Sivaneswaran, and K. Petros. 2011. “Efficient simulation techniques for reliability analysis of flexible pavements using the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide.” J. Transp. Eng. 137 (11): 796–804. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000272.
Timm, D. H., D. E. Newcomb, and T. V. Galambos. 2000. “Incorporation of reliability into mechanistic-empirical pavement design.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1730 (1): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.3141/1730-09.
Tyan, F., Y.-F. Hong, S.-H. Tu, and W. S. Jeng. 2009. “Generation of random road profiles.” J. Adv. Eng. 4 (2): 151–156.
Valle, P. D., and N. Thom. 2017. “Reliability in pavement design.” In Proc., 6th Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress. Prague, Czech Republic: Czech Technical Univ. in Prague-Central Library.
Wang, H., and I. L. Al-Qadi. 2010. “Evaluation of surface-related pavement damage due to tire braking.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 11 (1): 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2010.9690262.
Wang, H., I. L. Al-Qadi, and I. Stanciulescu. 2012. “Simulation of tyre–pavement interaction for predicting contact stresses at static and various rolling conditions.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 13 (4): 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.565767.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 150 • Issue 2 • June 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 12, 2022
Accepted: Nov 10, 2023
Published online: Feb 2, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jul 2, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.