Freeze–Thaw Durability of Conventional and Novel Permeable Pavement Replacement
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 148, Issue 4
Abstract
Permeable concrete pavements are becoming more common as a stormwater management system to mitigate urban flooding. However, they have several well-defined drawbacks including low permeability, high clogging potential, and low strength and durability, notably in cold climates exposed to freezing and thawing. A new generation of high-strength clogging-resistant permeable pavement replacement (CRP) has been developed, through extensive laboratory work, to address these shortcomings and advance the field of permeable pavements. This paper reports on new advances in permeable pavement systems and the performance of a range of conventional permeable concrete and the developed novel CRP (both prepared using Portland cement) of varying porosity exposed to freeze–thaw cycles. This will allow performance evaluations of both systems in a cold climate. The tests involved exposing samples to temperatures varying from to and measuring changes in mass, area, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity after each cycle. These new results show that CRP is highly resistant to degradation caused by freeze–thaw cycles compared to conventional permeable concrete, reducing maintenance requirements and improving service life. This study presents the first high-strength clogging-resistant permeable pavement replacement that is durable under frost action, these findings will support and enable wider use of permeable pavements in cold regions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All experimental and analytical test data used in this study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for funding this work through the Imperial College London EPSRC Impact Acceleration Account, Grant Reference No. EP/R511547/1. We also thank Mr. Andrew Morris and Dr. Marcus Yio for their assistance with the laboratory work.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2010. Report on pervious concrete. ACI 522R-10. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Amde, A. M., and S. Rogge. 2013. Development of high quality pervious concrete specifications for Maryland conditions. MD-13-SP009B4F. Baltimore, MD: State Highway Administration Maryland Department of Transportation.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM C597-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Attiogbe, E. 1996. “Predicting freeze-thaw durability of concrete: A new approach.” ACI Mater. J. 93 (5): 457–464.
Bilal, H., T. Chen, M. Ren, X. Gao, and A. Su. 2021. “Influence of silica fume, metakaolin and SBR latex on strength and durability performance of pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 275 (Mar): 122124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122124.
Bonicelli, A., F. Giustozzi, and M. Crispino. 2015. “Experimental study on the effects of fine sand addition on differentially compacted pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 91 (Aug): 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.012.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2006. Testing the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete—Internal structural damage. CEN/TR 15177:2006. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2009. Testing hardened concrete, part 3: Compressive strength of test samples. BS EN 12390-3:2009. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2019. Testing of concrete: Part 3: Making and curing test specimens. BS ISO 1920-3:2019. London: BSI.
Chopra, M., M. Wanielista, C. Ballock, and J. Spence. 2007. Construction and maintenance assessment of pervious concrete pavements. Orlando, FL: The Academy.
Coughlin, J. P., C. D. Campbell, and D. C. Mays. 2012. “Infiltration and clogging by sand and clay in a pervious concrete pavement system.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 17 (1): 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000424.
Debnath, B., and P. P. Sarkar. 2020. “Pervious concrete as an alternative pavement strategy: A state-of-the-art review.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 21 (12): 1516–1531. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1554217.
Deo, O., M. Sumanasooriya, and N. Neithalath. 2010. “Permeability reduction in pervious concretes due to clogging: Experiments and modeling.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (7): 741–751. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000079.
Gesoğlu, M., E. Güneyisi, G. Khoshnaw, and S. İpek. 2014. “Abrasion and freezing–thawing resistance of pervious concretes containing waste rubbers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (Dec): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.047.
Guthrie, W. S., C. B. DeMille, and D. L. Eggett. 2010. “Effects of soil clogging and water saturation on freeze–thaw durability of pervious concrete.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2164 (1): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.3141/2164-12.
Henderson, V., and S. Tighe. 2012. “Evaluation of pervious concrete pavement performance in cold weather climates.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 13 (3): 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.572970.
Huang, J., C. Valeo, J. He, and A. Chu. 2012. “Winter performance of inter-locking pavers—Stormwater quantity and quality.” Water 4 (4): 995–1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/w4040995.
Izevbekhai, B. I., and A. Akkari. 2011. Pervious concrete cells on MnROAD low-volume road. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota DOT.
Jones, D., J. Harvey, H. Li, R. Wang, and B. Campbell. 2010. Laboratory testing and modeling for structural performance of fully permeable pavements. Davis, CA: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis.
Kayhanian, M., D. Anderson, J. T. Harvey, D. Jones, and B. Muhunthan. 2012. “Permeability measurement and scan imaging to assess clogging of pervious concrete pavements in parking lots.” J. Environ. Manage. 95 (1): 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.021.
Kevern, J. T. 2008. Advancement of pervious concrete durability. Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ.
Kevern, J. T., V. R. Schaefer, and K. Wang. 2009. “Evaluation of pervious concrete workability using gyratory compaction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 21 (12): 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:12(764).
Kevern, J. T., V. R. Schaefer, K. Wang, and M. T. Suleiman. 2008a. “Pervious concrete mixture proportions for improved freeze-thaw durability.” J. ASTM Int. 5 (2): 1–12.
Kevern, J. T., K. Wang, and V. R. Schaefer. 2008b. “Pervious concrete in severe exposures.” Concr. Int. 30 (7): 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000049.
Kevern, J. T., K. Wang, and V. R. Schaefer. 2010. “Effect of coarse aggregate on the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (5): 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000049.
Kia, A., J. M. Delens, H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2021. “Structural and hydrological design of permeable concrete pavements.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 15 (Dec): e00564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00564.
Kia, A., H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2017. “Clogging in permeable concrete: A review.” J. Environ. Manage. 193 (May): 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.018.
Kia, A., H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2018. “Defining clogging potential for permeable concrete.” J. Environ. Manage. 220 (Aug): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.016.
Kia, A., H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2019. “High-strength clogging resistant permeable pavement.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 22 (3): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1600693.
Kia, A., H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2020. High strength porous cement-based materials. South Wales, UK: Intellectual Property Office.
Kim, H., and K. H. Obla. 2009. Pervious concrete: Experimental validation of mixture proportioning methodology. Silver Spring, MD: National Ready Mixed Concrete Association.
Lian, C., and Y. Zhuge. 2010. “Optimum mix design of enhanced permeable concrete—An experimental investigation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2664–2671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.057.
Liu, H., G. Luo, Y. Gong, and H. Wei. 2018a. “Mechanical properties, permeability, and freeze–thaw resistance of pervious concrete modified by waste crumb rubbers.” Appl. Sci. 8 (10): 1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101843.
Liu, H., G. Luo, H. Wei, and H. Yu. 2018b. “Strength, permeability, and freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete with different aggregate sizes, porosities, and water-binder ratios.” Appl. Sci. 8 (8): 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081217.
Mata, L. A., and M. L. Leming. 2012. “Vertical distribution of sediments in pervious concrete pavement systems.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (2): 149–155.
Mondal, S., and K. P. Biligiri. 2018. “Crumb rubber and silica fume inclusions in pervious concrete pavement systems: Evaluation of hydrological, functional, and structural properties.” J. Test. Eval. 46 (3): 892–905. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170032.
NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association) 2004. Freeze thaw resistance of pervious concrete. MD20910. Silver Spring, MD: NRMCA.
Schaefer, V. R., and J. T. Kevern. 2011. An integrated study of pervious concrete mixture design for wearing course applications. Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ. National Concrete Pavement Technology Center.
Schaefer, V. R., K. Wang, M. T. Suleiman, and J. T. Kevern. 2006. Mix design development for pervious concrete in cold weather climates. Ames, IA: Iowa DOT.
Sonebi, M., and M. T. Bassuoni. 2013. “Investigating the effect of mixture design parameters on pervious concrete by statistical modeling.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.044.
Sumanasooriya, M. S., O. Deo, and N. Neithalath. 2012. “Particle packing-based material design methodology for pervious concretes.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (2): 205–213.
Sumanasooriya, M. S., and N. Neithalath. 2011. “Pore structure features of pervious concretes proportioned for desired porosities and their performance prediction.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (8): 778–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.06.002.
Tennis, P. D., M. L. Leming, and D. J. Akers. 2004. Pervious concrete pavements. EB302.02. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association.
Wu, H., Z. Liu, B. Sun, and J. Yin. 2016. “Experimental investigation on freeze–thaw durability of Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC).” Constr. Build. Mater. 117 (Aug): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.130.
Yang, J., and G. Jiang. 2003. “Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete pavement materials.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (3): 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00966-3.
Yang, Z. 2011. “Freezing and thawing durability of pervious concrete under simulated field conditions.” ACI Mater. J. 108 (2): 187–195.
Yang, Z., H. Brown, and A. Cheney. 2006. “Influence of moisture conditions on freeze and thaw durability of Portland cement pervious concrete.” In Proc., Concrete Technology Forum: Focus on Pervious Concrete. Alexandria, VA: National Ready Mixed Concrete Association.
Yong, C. F., D. T. McCarthy, and A. Deletic. 2013. “Predicting physical clogging of porous and permeable pavements.” J. Hydrol. 481 (Feb): 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.009.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
Volume 148 • Issue 4 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 1, 2021
Accepted: May 10, 2022
Published online: Jul 20, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 20, 2022
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Carbon fibers
- Climates
- Cold regions
- Cold regions engineering
- Concrete pavements
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Environmental engineering
- Fiber reinforced polymer
- Fibers
- Freeze and thaw
- Freezing
- Gravels
- Infrastructure
- Materials characterization
- Materials engineering
- Pavement condition
- Pavements
- Permeability (material)
- Polymer
- Synthetic materials
- Transportation engineering
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Shifa Xu, Xiaoyu Ren, Hongliang Wu, Zixiao Zhu, Yansheng Yang, Meng Ling, Design and Water Stability Evaluation of Cold Mix Emulsified Asphalt Mixture under Multiple Freeze–Thaw Cycles, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17137, 36, 8, (2024).
- Jonny Nilimaa, Vasiola Zhaka, An Overview of Smart Materials and Technologies for Concrete Construction in Cold Weather, Eng, 10.3390/eng4020089, 4, 2, (1550-1580), (2023).
- Alalea Kia, Permeable concrete pavements for a climate change resilient built environment, Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change, 10.1016/B978-0-323-95336-8.00006-8, (297-326), (2023).
- Alalea Kia, Developing permeable pavements for a more sustainable built environment, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, 10.1680/jcien.2022.175.4.149, 175, 4, (149-149), (2022).