Displacement-Based Seismic Design and Assessment of Friction-Dissipating Light-Timber Frames Coupled with a Self-Centering CLT Wall
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 38, Issue 5
Abstract
A dual structural system for low-to-medium-rise buildings is examined, comprising light-timber frames (LTF) coupled with a cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall. To enhance the energy-dissipating capacity of LTF featuring pinching behavior, friction sheathing-to-frame connections have been proposed in place of conventional nail connectors. The resulting friction LTFs (FLTF) exhibit sustainably rich hysteresis loops that significantly enhance energy dissipation capacity. Nevertheless, the friction-dissipating mechanism leads to nonuniform story drift distributions and residual drifts in multistory FLTF buildings. To address this issue, a CLT wall with self-centering hold-down connections is coupled to the multistory FLTF building for imposing uniform story drifts and for reducing residual drifts. A direct displacement-based design (DDBD) approach is employed to design the dual CLT-FLTF system and ensure (i.e., impose) uniform seismic demand across the height of the building. Nonlinear-time-history analysis (NTHA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) show that the DDBD approach can lead to safe designs and effectively control the displacements of the proposed dual system.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the British Columbia Forestry Innovation Investment’s (FII) Wood First Program and the Natural Science Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2019-05013).
References
Aghagholizadeh, M., and N. Makris. 2018. “Earthquake response analysis of yielding structures coupled with vertically restrained rocking walls.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (15): 2965–2984. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3116.
Alavi, B., and H. Krawinkler. 2004. “Strengthening of moment-resisting frame structures against near-fault ground motion effects.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 33 (6): 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.370.
Aloisio, A., R. Alaggio, and M. Fragiacomo. 2021. “Fragility functions and behavior factors estimation of multi-story cross-laminated timber structures characterized by an energy-dependent hysteretic model.” Earthquake Spectra 37 (1): 134–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020936696.
Anandan, Y. K., J. W. van de Lindt, M. O. Amini, T. N. Dao, and S. Aaleti. 2021. “Experimental dynamic testing of full-scale light-frame-CLT wood shear wall system.” J. Archit. Eng. 27 (1): 04020042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000443.
Ancheta, T., et al. 2012. “PEER NGA-West2 database: A database of ground motions recorded in shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Applied Technology Council. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Washington, DC: US Department of Homeland Security, FEMA.
Aschheim, M., and E. F. Black. 2000. “Yield point spectra for seismic design and rehabilitation.” Earthquake Spectra 16 (2): 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586115.
Bezabeh, M. A., S. Tesfamariam, S. F. Stiemer, M. Popovski, and E. Karacabeyli. 2016. “Direct displacement-based design of a novel hybrid structure: Steel moment-resisting frames with cross-laminated timber infill walls.” Earthquake Spectra 32 (3): 1565–1585. https://doi.org/10.1193/101514EQS159M.
Brandner, R., G. Flatscher, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer, and A. Thiel. 2016. “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Overview and development.” Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (3): 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0999-5.
Charney, F. A. 2008. “Unintended consequences of modeling damping in structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (4): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581).
Chen, Z., and M. Popovski. 2020. “Mechanics-based analytical models for balloon-type cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls under lateral loads.” Eng. Struct. 208 (Apr): 109916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109916.
Chopra, A. K. 2007. Dynamics of structures. Noida, India: Pearson Education India.
Christopoulos, C., and A. Filiatrault. 2006. Principles of passive supplemental damping and seismic. Pavia, Italy: Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia Press.
Demirci, C., C. Málaga-Chuquitaype, and L. Macorini. 2018. “Seismic drift demands in multi-storey cross-laminated timber buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (4): 1014–1031. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3003.
Dwairi, H., and M. Kowalsky. 2004. “Investigation of Jacobsen’s equivalent viscous damping approach as applied to displacement-based seismic design.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1–6. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Dwairi, H. M., M. J. Kowalsky, and J. M. Nau. 2007. “Equivalent damping in support of direct displacement-based design.” J. Earthquake Eng. 11 (4): 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460601033884.
Filiatrault, A., H. Isoda, and B. Folz. 2003. “Hysteretic damping of wood framed buildings.” Eng. Struct. 25 (4): 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00187-6.
Folz, B., and A. Filiatrault. 2001. “Cyclic analysis of wood shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (4): 433–441. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:4(433).
Garcia, R., T. J. Sullivan, and G. D. Corte. 2010. “Development of a displacement-based design method for steel frame-RC wall buildings.” J. Earthquake Eng. 14 (2): 252–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460902995138.
Gavric, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015. “Cyclic behavior of CLT wall systems: Experimental tests and analytical prediction models.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (11): 04015034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001246.
Gioiella, L., E. Tubaldi, F. Gara, L. Dezi, and A. Dall’Asta. 2018. “Modal properties and seismic behaviour of buildings equipped with external dissipative pinned rocking braced frames.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Oct): 807–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.043.
Gu, M., W. Pang, and S. Schiff. 2015. “Displacement design procedure for cross laminated timber (CLT) rocking walls with sacrificial dampers.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2015, 2777–2791. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Hashemi, A., P. Zarnani, R. Masoudnia, and P. Quenneville. 2018. “Experimental testing of rocking cross-laminated timber walls with resilient slip friction joints.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (1): 04017180. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001931.
Hashemi, A., P. Zarnani, and P. Quenneville. 2020. “Seismic assessment of rocking timber walls with energy dissipation devices.” Eng. Struct. 221 (Oct): 111053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111053.
Ho, T. X., T. N. Dao, S. Aaleti, J. W. van de Lindt, and D. R. Rammer. 2017. “Hybrid system of unbonded post-tensioned CLT panels and light-frame wood shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (2): 04016171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001665.
Jacobsen, L. S. 1930. “Steady forced vibration as influenced by damping: An approximate solution of the steady forced vibration of a system of one degree of freedom under the influence of various types of damping.” Trans. ASME-APM 52 (15): 169–178.
Kowalsky, M. J., M. N. Priestley, and G. A. Macrae. 1995. “Displacement-based design of RC bridge columns in seismic regions.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 24 (12): 1623–1643. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290241206.
Lam, F., H. G. Prion, and M. He. 1997. “Lateral resistance of wood shear walls with large sheathing panels.” J. Struct. Eng. 123 (12): 1666–1673. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:12(1666).
Loss, C., T. Tannert, and S. Tesfamariam. 2018. “State-of-the-art review of displacement-based seismic design of timber buildings.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 481–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.205.
Makris, N., and D. Konstantinidis. 2003. “The rocking spectrum and the limitations of practical design methodologies.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 32 (2): 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.223.
Maley, T. J., T. J. Sullivan, and G. D. Corte. 2010. “Development of a displacement-based design method for steel dual systems with buckling-restrained braces and moment-resisting frames.” Supplement, J. Earthquake Eng. 14 (S1): 106–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632461003651687.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2006. “Opensees command language manual.” Pac. Earthquake Eng. Res. Center 264 (1): 137–158.
Newcombe, M. P. 2011. “Seismic design of post-tensioned timber frame and wall buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury.
Nguyen, T. T., T. N. Dao, S. Aaleti, J. W. van de Lindt, and K. J. Fridley. 2018. “Seismic assessment of a three-story wood building with an integrated CLT-lightframe system using RTHS.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.025.
NRC (National Research Council Canada). 2015. National Building Code of Canada, 2015. Ottawa: NRC.
Pei, S., J. W. van de Lindt, and M. Popovski. 2013. “Approximate r-factor for cross-laminated timber walls in multistory buildings.” J. Archit. Eng. 19 (4): 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000117.
Pennucci, D., T. Sullivan, and G. Calvi. 2011. “Displacement reduction factors for the design of medium and long period structures.” Supplement, J. Earthquake Eng. 15 (S1): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2011.562073.
Priestley, M., and D. Grant. 2005. “Viscous damping in seismic design and analysis.” J. Earthquake Eng. 9 (spec02): 229–255. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246905002365.
Priestley, M., and M. Kowalsky. 2000. “Direct displacement-based seismic design of concrete buildings.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 33 (4): 421–444. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.4.421-444.
Priestley, M. N., G. M. Calvi, and M. J. Kowalsky. 2007. Displacement-based seismic design of structures. Pavia, Italy: Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia Press.
Rinaldin, G., and M. Fragiacomo. 2016. “Non-linear simulation of shaking-table tests on 3-and 7-storey X-lam timber buildings.” Eng. Struct. 113 (Apr): 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.055.
Schneider, J., E. Karacabeyli, M. Popovski, S. Stiemer, and S. Tesfamariam. 2014. “Damage assessment of connections used in cross-laminated timber subject to cyclic loads.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (6): A4014008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000528.
Shahnewaz, M., Y. Pan, M. Shahria Alam, and T. Tannert. 2020a. “Seismic fragility estimates for cross-laminated timber platform building.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (12): 04020256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002834.
Shahnewaz, M., M. Popovski, and T. Tannert. 2020b. “Deflection of cross-laminated timber shear walls for platform-type construction.” Eng. Struct. 221 (Oct): 111091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111091.
Skandalos, K. 2021. “Seismic design and demand assessment of isolated and innovative timber lateral load resisting systems.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Sullivan, T., M. Priestley, and G. M. Calvi. 2006. “Direct displacement-based design of frame-wall structures.” J. Earthquake Eng. 10 (spec01): 91–124. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246906002748.
Sun, T., Y. C. Kurama, and J. Ou. 2018. “Practical displacement-based seismic design approach for PWF structures with supplemental yielding dissipators.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Oct): 538–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.120.
Tesfamariam, S., J. Madheswaran, and K. Goda. 2019. “Displacement-based design of hybrid RC–timber structure: Seismic risk assessment.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (11): 04019125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002415.
Tesfamariam, S., Y. Wakashima, and K. Skandalos. 2021. “Damped timber shear wall: Shake-table tests and analytical models.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (6): 04021064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003029.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (3): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
van de Lindt, J. W., M. O. Amini, D. Rammer, P. Line, S. Pei, and M. Popovski. 2020. “Seismic performance factors for cross-laminated timber shear wall systems in the United States.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (9): 04020172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002718.
Wakashima, Y., H. Shimizu, K. Ishikawa, Y. Fujisawa, and S. Tesfamariam. 2019. “Friction-based connectors for timber shear walls: Static experimental tests.” J. Archit. Eng. 25 (2): 04019006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000351.
Wen, Y. 1980. “Equivalent linearization for hysteretic systems under random excitation.” J. Appl. Mech. 47 (1): 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3153594.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 38 • Issue 5 • October 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 19, 2023
Accepted: Mar 19, 2024
Published online: Jul 9, 2024
Published in print: Oct 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Dec 9, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Architectural engineering
- Architecture
- Building design
- Continuum mechanics
- Design (by type)
- Displacement (mechanics)
- Drift (structural)
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Earthquake engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Frames
- Friction
- Geotechnical engineering
- Seismic design
- Seismic tests
- Solid mechanics
- Structural behavior
- Structural design
- Structural engineering
- Structural mechanics
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.