Protection of a 193.5-m High Concrete Tube-Shaped TV Tower Close to Subway Excavations
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37, Issue 5
Abstract
A 193.5-m high concrete tube-shaped TV tower in the city of Nantong, China, was founded on short piled–raft footing, whose safety was threatened by implementation of four 10.9–26.5-m-deep excavations for an interchange subway station within close proximity. Considering the great damage potential of the TV tower associated with excavation-induced ground movement, a row of barrier piles consisting of bored piles was initially constructed between the excavations and TV tower. Field monitoring data indicated that the TV tower developed limited settlements during excavation of the two farthermost subway zones. However, it suffered notable settlements during excavation of the second farthest subway zone; hence, large-diameter metro-jet-system (MJS) piles along with bislurry piles were constructed between the excavations and TV tower to mitigate the adverse excavation influence. As a result, the tower gradually stabilized as construction continued, but it still exhibited an accelerated rate of differential settlement. Since excessive differential settlements might incur cracking, tilting, or even an overturning failure of the tower, it was determined finally to underpin the TV tower with long end-bearing steel pipe piles before excavation of the closest subway zone. With the aid of the comprehensive underpinning plan, the tower gradually became steady during excavation of the closest subway zone, without suffering structural damages or excessive deformations. The lessons and experience learned from this project as well as the extensive protection plans and measures are practically useful for engineers worldwide to safeguard high-rise superstructures sensitive to ground movement.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42177179) is gratefully acknowledged. The valuable comments and suggestions from the Editor and the reviewers are sincerely appreciated.
References
Boone, S. J. 1996. “Ground-movement-related building damage.” J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (11): 886–896. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:11(886).
Boscardin, M. D., and E. J. Cording. 1989. “Building response to excavation-induced settlement.” J. Geotech. Eng. 115 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:1(1).
Bryson, L. S., and M. J. Kotheimer. 2011. “Cracking in walls of a building adjacent to a deep excavation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 25 (6): 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000185.
Carper, K. L. 1987. “Structural failures during construction.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 1 (3): 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1987)1:3(132).
Chen, R., X. Lin, X. Kang, Z. Zhong, Y. Liu, P. Zhang, and H. Wu. 2018. “Deformation and stress characteristics of existing twin tunnels induced by close-distance EPBS under-crossing.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 82 (Dec): 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.059.
DOHUD (Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Jiangsu Province). 2015. Technical specification for monitoring measurement of urban rail transit engineering in Jiangsu province. [In Chinese.] DGJ32/J 195-2015. Nanjing, China: DOHUD.
Feng, S., and S. Lu. 2016. “Failure of a retaining structure in a metro station excavation in Nanchang city, China.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (4): 04015097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000855.
Finno, R. J., and L. S. Bryson. 2002. “Response of building adjacent to stiff excavation support system in soft clay.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 16 (1): 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2002)16:1(10).
Finno, R. J., F. T. Voss Jr., E. Rossow, and J. T. Blackburn. 2005. “Evaluating damage potential in buildings affected by excavations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (10): 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:10(1199).
Goh, K. H., and R. J. Mair. 2014. “Response of framed buildings to excavation-induced movements.” Soils Found. 54 (3): 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.002.
GTS NX (Geo-Technical Analysis System New Experience). 2014. Midas GTS NX user manual. Republic of Korea: GTS NX.
Jiang, W., and Y. Tan. 2021. “Heavy rainfall-related excavation failures in China during 1994 to 2018: An overview.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 129 (Nov): 105695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105695.
Jiang, W., and Y. Tan. 2022. “Overview on failures of urban underground infrastructures in complex geological conditions due to heavy rainfall in China during 1994-2018.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 76 (Jan): 103509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103509.
Kog, Y. C. 2017. “Excavation-induced settlement and tilt of a 3-story building.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (1): 04016080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000935.
Kotheimer, M. J., and L. S. Bryson. 2009. “Damage approximation method for excavation-induced damage to adjacent buildings.” In Proc., Int. Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo (IFCEE09). Reston, VA: ASCE.
Laefer, D. F., S. Ceribasi, J. H. Long, and E. J. Cording. 2009. “Predicting RC frame response to excavation-induced settlement.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (11): 1605–1619. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000128.
Li, H., Y. Tang, S. Liao, and M. Shen. 2021. “Structural response and preservation of historic buildings adjacent to oversized deep excavation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 35 (6): 04021095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001676.
Li, J., X. Xie, Q. Zhang, P. Fang, and W. Wang. 2014. “Distress evaluation and remediation for a high-rise building with pile-raft foundation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (4): 04014005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000503.
Liao, S., S. Wei, and S. Shen. 2016. “Structural responses of existing metro stations to adjacent deep excavations in Suzhou, China.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (4): 04015089. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000845.
Liu, J. C., and Y. Tan. 2023. “Review of through-wall leaking incidents during excavation of the subway stations of Nantong metro line 1 in thick water-rich sandy strata.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 135 (May): 105056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2023.105056.
Long, Y. Y., and Y. Tan. 2020. “Soil arching due to leaking of tunnel buried in water-rich sand.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 95 (Jan): 103158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103158.
Lu, Y., Y. Tan, and H. Lan. 2019. “Full-scale load testing of 75–90-m-long post-grouted drilled shafts in Suzhou stiff clay.” J. Test. Eval. 47 (1): 284–309. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170442.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2010. Code for design of concrete structures. [In Chinese.] GB 50010-2010. Beijing: MOHURD.
Nakashima, S., and W. Nakanishi. 1995. All-around type reinforcing and consolidating method in the ground and apparatus thereof. Perth, WA: National Institute of Technology.
Son, M., and E. J. Cording. 2005. “Estimation of building damage due to excavation-induced ground movements.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(162).
Tan, Y., D. Fan, and Y. Lu. 2022a. “Statistical analyses on a database of deep excavations in Shanghai soft clays in China from 1995–2018.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 27 (1): 04021067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000646.
Tan, Y., R. Huang, Z. Kang, and W. Bin. 2016. “Covered semi-top-down excavation of subway station surrounded by closely spaced buildings in downtown Shanghai: Building response.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (6): 04016040. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000892.
Tan, Y., W. Jiang, W. Luo, Y. Lu, and C. Xu. 2018. “Longitudinal sliding event during excavation of Feng-Qi Station of Hangzhou Metro Line 1: Postfailure investigation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 32 (4): 04018039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001181.
Tan, Y., W. Jiang, H. Rui, Y. Lu, and D. Wang. 2020. “Forensic geotechnical analyses on the 2009 building-overturning accident in Shanghai, China: Beyond common recognitions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (7): 05020005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002264.
Tan, Y., and H. Lan. 2012. “Vibration effects attributable to driving of PHC pipe piles.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 26 (5): 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000278.
Tan, Y., X. Li, Z. Kang, J. Liu, and Y. Zhu. 2015a. “Zoned excavation of an oversized pit close to an existing metro line in stiff clay: Case study.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 29 (6): 04014158. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000652.
Tan, Y., and G. Lin. 2013. “Full-scale testing of open-ended steel pipe piles in thick varved clayey silt deposits along the Delaware River in New Jersey.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (3): 518–524. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000777.
Tan, Y., G. Lin, Y. Zhang, and X. Li. 2015b. “Closure to ‘Comprehensive load test on prestressed concrete piles in alluvial clays and Marl in Savannah, Georgia’ by Yong Tan and Guoming Lin.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 29 (1): 07014002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000712.
Tan, Y., and Y. Y. Long. 2021. “Review of cave-in failures of urban roadways in China: A database.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 35 (6): 04021080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001658.
Tan, Y., and Y. Lu. 2017. “Forensic diagnosis of a leaking accident during excavation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (5): 04017061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001058.
Tan, Y., and Y. Lu. 2018. “Responses of shallowly buried pipelines to adjacent deep excavations in Shanghai soft ground.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 9 (2): 05018002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000310.
Tan, Y., Y. Lu, and D. Wang. 2023a. “Catastrophic failure of Shanghai metro line 4 in July, 2003: Post-accident rehabilitation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 37 (2): 04023006. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4135.
Tan, Y., Y. Lu, and D. L. Wang. 2021. “Catastrophic failure of Shanghai metro line 4 in July, 2003: Occurrence, emergency response, and disaster relief.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 35 (1): 04020125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001539.
Tan, Y., Y. Lu, and D. L. Wang. 2022b. “Closure to ‘Catastrophic failure of Shanghai Metro Line 4 in July, 2003: Occurrence, emergency response, and disaster Relief’ by Yong Tan, Ye Lu, and Dalong Wang.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 36 (2): 07021006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001704.
Tan, Y., Y. Lu, and D. L. Wang. 2023b. “Interactive behaviors of four closely spaced mega excavations in soft clays: Case study on an excavation group in Shanghai, China.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 138 (Aug): 105186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2023.105186.
Tan, Y., and B. Wei. 2012. “Observed behaviors of a long and deep excavation constructed by cut-and-cover technique in Shanghai soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (1): 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000553.
Yang, Y., J. Li, C. Liu, J. Ma, S. Zheng, and W. Chen. 2021. “Influence of deep excavation on adjacent bridge piles considering underlying karst cavern: A case history and numerical investigation.” Acta Geotech. 17 (2): 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01213-w.
Yao, A., J. Lu, Y. Guo, J. Zhang, and H. Guo. 2019. “Reinforcement effects of isolation piles on the adjacent existing tunnel in building construction.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019 (Oct): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9741306.
Yuan, Y., S. Shen, Z. Wang, and H. Wu. 2016. “Automatic pressure-control equipment for horizontal jet-grouting.” Autom. Constr. 69 (Sep): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.05.025.
Zhang, L., X. Wu, M. J. Skibniewski, W. Fang, and Q. Deng. 2015. “Conservation of historical buildings in tunneling environments: Case study of Wuhan metro construction in China.” Constr. Build. Mater. 82 (May): 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.031.
Zhang, Z., and J. Li. 2017. “Review and applications of MJS techniques for ground improvement.” [In Chinese.] J. Civ. Environ. Eng. 39 (6): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.11835/j.issn.1674-4764.2017.06.001.
Zhang, Z., J. Li, S. Wang, and X. Huang. 2022. “A comparative numerical analysis of design variation plans for a shallow tunnel in very soft ground after a sudden accident.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 141 (Nov): 106674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106674.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37 • Issue 5 • October 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 11, 2023
Accepted: Jun 13, 2023
Published online: Jul 31, 2023
Published in print: Oct 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 31, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bored piles
- Buildings
- Business management
- Concrete
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Excavation
- Foundation construction
- Foundations
- Geotechnical engineering
- High-rise buildings
- Infrastructure
- Materials engineering
- Pile foundations
- Pile settlement
- Piles
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Rail transportation
- Safety
- Structural engineering
- Structures (by type)
- Subways
- Transportation engineering
- Underpinning
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.