Behavior and Design of Standard Wide-Flange Steel Columns Subjected to Near-Field Detonations
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37, Issue 3
Abstract
Demands to incorporate blast loading in building structural designs have increased recently. Focus has been placed on far-field detonations based on large charge weights in the development of approaches to blast mitigation designs. However, more recently, frequent attacks using lighter and portable devices detonated very closely to targets have occurred. There are increasing concerns about the destruction of a few critical structural members due to near-field detonations, which potentially can lead to a more substantial collapse of a building. Although there are approaches to analyzing structural frames after removal of a few columns, there currently are no design codes or specifications to determine whether the columns actually would collapse when subjected to near-field detonations. Therefore this study identified the failure or damage characteristics of standard wide-flange steel columns subjected to near-field detonations, performed a series of numerical analyses to develop simple design tools and charts, and provides details of nonlinear explicit finite-element analysis that can be followed by practicing engineers. A total of 369 numerical models were built to cover a wide variety of standard wide-flange steel columns subjected to a range of portable charge weights detonated at realistically close proximity with and without service loads. The developed design charts can be used by practicing engineers for preliminary design, cost-estimate, or quality control purposes prior to performing detailed finite-element analyses. The numerical models used to develop these design charts were verified using experimental results available in the literature.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are proprietary or confidential in nature and may only be provided with restrictions.
Acknowledgments
This research was sponsored by the USDOT through University Transportation Research Center (UTRC) Region 2 (Award No. RF# 49198-21-28). Manhattan College also provided various resources to make this research possible. Their sponsorships are greatly appreciated.
References
AISC. 2017. Steel construction manual. 15th ed. Chicago: AISC.
ASCE. 2011. Blast protection of buildings. ASCE/SEI 59-11. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bartlett, F. M., R. J. Dexter, M. D. Graeser, J. J. Jelinek, B. J. Schmidt, and T. V. Galambos. 2003. “Updating standard shape material properties database for design and reliability.” Eng. J. 40 (1): 2–14.
Brockenbrough, R. L., and J. S. Schuster. 2018. “Rehabilitation and retrofit.” In Design guide 15. 2nd ed. Chicago: AISC.
Century Dynamics. 2005. Autodyn theory manual. Concord, CA: ANSYS.
Dinu, F., I. Marginean, D. Dubina, A. Kovacs, and E. Ghicioi. 2017. “Experimental testing and numerical modeling of steel frames under close-in detonations.” Procedia Eng. 210 (Jan): 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.091.
DOD (Department of Defense). 2014. Unified facilities criteria—Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions. Washington, DC: DOD.
DOD (Department of Defense). 2016. Unified facilities criteria—Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse. Washington, DC: DOD.
Easterling, W. S., and C. O. Rex. 1996. Behavior and modeling of mild and reinforcing steel. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.
FEMA. 2003. Risk management series: Primer for design of commercial buildings to mitigate terrorist attacks: Providing protection to people and buildings. FEMA 427. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Gilsanz, R., R. Hamburger, D. Barker, J. L. Smith, and A. Rahimian. 2013. “Design of blast resistant structures.” In Design guide 26. Washington, DC: AISC.
Grisaro, H. Y., J. A. Packer, and M. V. Seica. 2019. “Weak axis response of steel I-sections subjected to close-in detonations.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 160 (Sep): 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.05.025.
Grisaro, H. Y., J. A. Packer, and M. V. Seica. 2021. “Experimental and numerical investigation of bare and strengthened wide-flange sections subject to near-field blast loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (9): 04021139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003096.
GSA (General Services Administration). 2016. Alternate path analysis and design guidelines for progressive collapse resistance. Washington, DC: GSA.
Johnson, G. R., and W. H. Cook. 1983. “A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures.” In Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Ballistics, 541–547. Hague, Netherlands: American Defense Preparedness Association.
Johnson, G. R., and W. H. Cook. 1985. “Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 21 (1): 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(85)90052-9.
Kim, Y., S. Florio, and Q. Wang. 2022. “A novel performance-based evaluation method of built-up wide flange steel columns subjected to close-range detonations.” Eng. J. 59 (4): 275–312.
Krishnappa, N., M. Bruneau, and G. P. Warn. 2014. “Weak-axis behavior of wide flange columns subjected to blast.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (5): 04013108. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000917.
Lee, E., M. Finger, and W. Collins. 1973. JWL equation of state coefficients for high explosives. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
Mazurkiewicz, L., J. Malachowski, and P. Baranowski. 2015. “Blast loading influence on load carrying capacity of I-column.” Eng. Struct. 104 (Dec): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.025.
Ngo, T., D. Mohotti, A. Remennikov, and B. Uy. 2015. “Numerical simulations of response of tubular steel beams to close-range explosions.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 105 (Feb): 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.11.007.
Remennikov, A. M., and B. Uy. 2014. “Explosive testing and modelling of square tubular steel columns for near-field detonations.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 101 (Oct): 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.027.
Rogers, G. F. C., and Y. R. Mayhew. 1995. Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids. 5th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Schwer, L. 2007. “LS-DYNA Anwenderforum.” In Optional strain-rate forms for the Johnson Cook constitutive model and the role of the parameter epsilon_0. Frankenthal, Germany: DYNAmore FEM.
Stockmann, M. 2009. “Fire protection basics.” In Modern steel construction. Chicago: AISC.
Task Committee on Blast-Resistant Design of the Petrochemical Committee. 2010. Design of blast-resistant buildings in petrochemical facilities. 2nd ed. Reston, VA: ASCE.
US Army. 1986. Fundamentals of protective design for conventional weapons. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37 • Issue 3 • June 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 22, 2022
Accepted: Feb 3, 2023
Published online: Apr 6, 2023
Published in print: Jun 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Sep 6, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.