Rheological and Physical Properties of Aged Bitumen Rejuvenated by Biobitumen
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 11
Abstract
Scientific and technical developments toward improving bio-oil are under investigation, with an emphasis on research into upgrading bio-oil bitumen. The current study presents a new development of eco-friendly bio-oil bitumen produced using some local materials as well as studying its physical and rheological properties. Two bitumen sources with penetration grade of 40/50 were used, Dora and Nasiriyah, which were locally obtained from Dora and Nasiriyah refineries in Iraq. Biobitumen was prepared by vacuum distillation after esterification of waste cooking oil, which was freely collected from local households and cafeterias. Methanol, sulfuric acid (as a catalyst agent), and zeolite were used in the biobitumen preparation process. Physical and rheological properties were tested in evaluating the performance. The physical tests included viscosity, softening point, and penetration, and the rheological properties involved sweep frequency and creep tests using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Three percentages (10%, 20%, and 30%) of biobitumen were blended with aged petroleum bitumen, which was obtained from excessive aging of the virgin bitumen by thin-film oven test (TFOT). It was found that a ratio of of biobitumen and aged petroleum bitumen exhibited the best performance. Results also highlighted that the new modified bitumen with biobitumen showed superior performance compared with that of traditional bitumen, taking into consideration the influence of biobitumen percentage and level of the age of the virgin bitumen. The current development and outcomes of the study can be considered as promising and encouraging for further investigations into sustainable and environmentally friendly production.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the Highways Materials Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Anbar for using its facilities to complete this work.
References
Abe, A. A., C. Oliviero Rossi, and P. Caputo. 2022. “Biomaterials and their potentialities as additives in bitumen technology: A review.” Molecules 27 (24): 8826. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248826.
Ali, A. W., Y. A. Mehta, A. Nolan, C. Purdy, and T. Bennert. 2016. “Investigation of the impacts of aging and RAP percentages on effectiveness of asphalt binder rejuvenators.” Constr. Build. Mater. 110 (May): 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.013.
Asli, H., E. Ahmadinia, M. Zargar, and M. R. Karim. 2012. “Investigation on physical properties of waste cooking oil-rejuvenated bitumen binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.042.
ASTM. 2005. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2006. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus). ASTM D36. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM D7175. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard test method for effects of heat and air on asphaltic materials (thin-film oven test). ASTM D1754M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard test method for multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM D7405. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Azahar, W. N. W., R. P. Jaya, M. R. Hainin, M. Bujang, and N. Ngadi. 2016. “Chemical modification of waste cooking oil to improve the physical and rheological properties of asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 126 (Nov): 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.032.
Bahia, H. U., and D. A. Anderson. 1995. Strategic highway research program binder rheological parameters: background and comparison with conventional properties. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Record.
Batista, K. B., R. D. P. Lessa Padilha, T. O. Castro, C. F. S. C. Silva, M. F. A. S. Araújo, L. F. Leite, V. M. D. Pasa, and V. D. F. Cunha Lins. 2018. “High-temperature, low-temperature and weathering aging performance of lignin modified asphalt binders.” Ind. Crops Prod. 111 (Jan): 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.010.
Behnood, A. 2019. “Application of rejuvenators to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 231 (Sep): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.209.
Bonaquist, R. F. 2008. Refining the simple performance tester for use in routine practice. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Borghi, A., A. J. D. Barco Carrión, D. L. Presti, and F. Giustozzi. 2017. “Effects of laboratory aging on properties of biorejuvenated asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (10): 04017149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001995.
Chen, M., F. Xiao, B. Putman, B. Leng, and S. Wu. 2014. “High temperature properties of rejuvenating recovered binder with rejuvenator, waste cooking and cotton seed oils.” Constr. Build. Mater. 59 (May): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.032.
Cooper, III, S. B., L. N. Mohammad, and M. Elseifi. 2013. “Evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing renewable binder technologies.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 6 (5): 570. https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2013.6(5).570.
D’Angelo, J., R. Kluttz, R. N. Dongre, K. Stephens, and L. Zanzotto. 2007. “Revision of the Superpave high temperature binder specification: the multiple stress creep recovery test (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 76 (Jan): 10–12.
Dobson, G. R., C. L. Monismith, V. P. Puzinauskas, and H. W. Busching. 1969. “The dynamic mechanical properties of bitumen.” In Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
Fini, E. H., E. W. Kalberer, A. Shahbazi, M. Basti, Z. You, H. Ozer, and Q. Aurangzeb. 2011. “Chemical characterization of biobinder from swine manure: Sustainable modifier for asphalt binder.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (11): 1506–1513. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000237.
Gasia, J., T. López-Montero, L. Vidal, R. Miró, C. Bengoa, and A. H. Martínez. 2023. “Characterization of asphalt binders modified with bio-binder from swine manure.” Appl. Sci. 13 (20): 11412. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011412.
Hassan, H. N. 2021. “Physical and rheological properties of eco-friendly bio-bitumen.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Engineering College, Univ. of Anbar.
Hassan, H. N., T. M. Ahmed, and D. M. Abd. 2022. “Development of eco-friendly bio-oil-bitumen from local materials.” Key Eng. Mater. 915 (Apr): 145–151. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-961xij.
Ingrassia, L. P., X. Lu, G. Ferrotti, and F. Canestrari. 2019. “Renewable materials in bituminous binders and mixtures: Speculative pretext or reliable opportunity?” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 144 (May): 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.034.
Li, G., Y. Feng, Y. Zhang, C. Liu, F. Dong, and Y. Lv. 2016. “Law and corresponding relationship between TFOT and PAV of asphalt.” In Proc., Transportation Research Congress 2016. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Li, J., F. Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. Muhammad, Z. Su, F. Meng, and X. Chen. 2019. “Preparation and properties of soybean bio-asphalt/SBS modified petroleum asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 201 (Mar): 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.206.
Li, Z., C. Fa, H. Zhao, Y. Zhang, H. Chen, and H. Xie. 2020. “Investigation on evolution of bitumen composition and micro-structure during aging.” Constr. Build. Mater. 244 (May): 118322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118322.
Mahssin, Z. Y., N. Abdul Hassan, H. Yaacob, M. H. Puteh, C. R. Ismail, R. Putra Jaya, M. M. Zainol, and M. Z. H. Mahmud. 2021. “Converting biomass into bio-asphalt—A review.” In Proc., IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. London: Institute of Physics.
Marateanu, M., and D. Anderson. 1996. “Time-temperature dependency of asphalt binders—An improved model (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 65 (Jun): 14–16.
Mohammad, L. N., M. A. Elseifi, S. B. Cooper, H. Challa, and P. Naidoo. 2013. “Laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures that contain biobinder technologies.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2371 (1): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.3141/2371-07.
Mohammad, S. A., A. Akram, S. Rafiee, and E. B. Kalhor. 2014. “Energy and cost analyses of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 33 (May): 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.067.
Nayak, P., and U. C. Sahoo. 2017. “Rheological, chemical and thermal investigations on an aged binder rejuvenated with two non-edible oils.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 18 (3): 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1182058.
Petersen, J. C., R. E. Robertson, J. F. Branthaver, P. M. Harnsberger, J. J. Duvall, S. S. Kim, D. A. Anderson, D. W. Christiansen, and H. U. Bahia. 1994. Binder characterization and evaluation. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
SCRB (State Commission of Roads and Bridges). 2003. Hot mix asphalt concrete pavements—Section R9′′ revised edition. Baghdad, Iraq: Ministry of Housing and Construction.
Shirzad, S., and H. Zouzias. 2024. “Enhancing the performance of wood-based bio-asphalt: Strategies and innovations.” Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2024 (Feb): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02745-x.
Sun, Z., J. Yi, Y. Huang, D. Feng, and C. Guo. 2016. “Investigation of the potential application of biodiesel by-product as asphalt modifier.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 17 (3): 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1096819.
Williams, M. L., R. F. Landel, and J. D. Ferry. 1955. “The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (14): 3701–3707. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01619a008.
Williams, R. C., J. Satrio, M. Rover, R. C. Brown, and S. Teng. 2009. “Utilization of fractionated bio oil in asphalt.” In Proc., 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Yang, X., Z. You, Q. Dai, and J. Mills-Beale. 2014. “Mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures modified by bio-oils derived from waste wood resources.” Constr. Build. Mater. 51 (Jan): 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.017.
Yang, X., Z. You, and J. Mills-Beale. 2015. “Asphalt binders blended with a high percentage of biobinders: Aging mechanism using FTIR and rheology.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (4): 04014157. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001117.
You, Z., J. Mills-Beale, E. Fini, S. Wei Goh, and B. Colbert. 2011. “Evaluation of low-temperature binder properties of warm-mix asphalt, extracted and recovered RAP and RAS, and bioasphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (11): 1569–1574. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000295.
Zhang, R., Q. Shi, Y. Liu, J. Ji, and L. Wen. 2024. “Thermal-oxidative aging characteristics and mechanism of castor seeds oil-based bio-asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 417 (Feb): 135153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135153.
Zhang, R., H. Wang, J. Gao, Z. You, and X. Yang. 2017. “High temperature performance of SBS modified bio-asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 144 (Jul): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.103.
Zhang, R., Z. You, J. Ji, Q. Shi, and Z. Suo. 2021. “A review of characteristics of bio-oils and their utilization as additives of asphalts.” Molecules 26 (16): 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165049.
Zhang, Z., Y. Fang, J. Yang, and X. Li. 2022. “A comprehensive review of bio-oil, bio-binder and bio-asphalt materials: Their source, composition, preparation and performance.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 9 (2): 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2022.01.003.
Zhao, X., M. U. Rahman, T. Dissanayaka, F. Gharagheizi, C. Lacerda, S. Senadheera, R. C. Hedden, and G. F. Christopher. 2021. “Rheological behavior of a low crystallinity polyolefin-modified asphalt binder for flexible pavements.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 15 (Jun): e00640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00640.
Zhu, D., and L. Kong. 2023. “Laboratory evaluation of carbon nanotubes modified bio-asphalt.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 18 (Jul): e01944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01944.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 11 • November 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 18, 2023
Accepted: Apr 24, 2024
Published online: Sep 5, 2024
Published in print: Nov 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 5, 2025
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Aging (material)
- Asphalts
- Business management
- Deterioration
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Field tests
- Geotechnical engineering
- Geotechnical investigation
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials characterization
- Materials engineering
- Penetration tests
- Physical properties
- Practice and Profession
- Rheology
- Sustainable development
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.