Advanced searchCitation search
Skip main navigation
Close Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Technical Papers
May 23, 2024

Experimental Study of Shrinkage and Creep Behaviors of Low-Shrinkage and Low-Creep C60 High-Performance Concrete and Parameter Recommendations

Authors: Junyi Xiao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-5581 [email protected], Jianxin Peng [email protected], C. S. Cai, F.ASCE [email protected], Hanbing Bian [email protected], and Jianren Zhang [email protected]Author Affiliations
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 8
https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17812
Get Access

Abstract

Concrete shrinkage and creep significantly affect the serviceability of bridges, especially long-span bridges. To investigate the long-term shrinkage and creep behaviors of low-shrinkage and low-creep C60 high-performance concrete (hereinafter referred to as LSLC HPC C60), 76 LSLC HPC C60 specimens are designed and subjected to shrinkage and creep tests for 270 days. The results indicate that the LSLC HPC C60 exhibits a similar trend in shrinkage and creep development as ordinary C60 concrete but with smaller creep and shrinkage values. New parameters for the two commonly used creep models are recommended based on experimental data. By comparing the measured data, it is determined that the parameter-recommended creep models are more suitable for predicting the creep performance of the LSLC HPC C60. A finite-element model of a long-span bridge is established, and the recommended models are imported into the bridge model. The multidecade deflections of the main span of the bridge are analyzed considering different creep models. The calculated results indicate that the parameter-recommended creep models can be used to predict the long-term deflections of long-span bridges with the LSLC HPC C60.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Get Access

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2021YFB2600900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 52078056), the China Scholarship Council (Grant no. 202208430120), and the Graduate Student Research Innovation Project of Changsha University of Science and Technology (CSUST) (Grant no. CXCLY2022030). Their support is gratefully acknowledged.

References

ACI (American Concrete Institute). 1992. Prediction of creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects in concrete structures. ACI 209R-92. Farmington Hills. MI: ACI.
Google Scholar
Al-Negheimish, A. I., A. K. El-Sayed, M. O. Khanbari, and A. M. Alhozaimy. 2018. “Long-term deflection of prestressed SCC hollow core slabs.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.116.
Google Scholar
ASTM. 2013. Standard specifications for concrete aggregates. ASTM C33/C33M-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Google Scholar
ASTM. 2017. Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. ASTM C494/C494M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Google Scholar
ASTM. 2019. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618/618M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Google Scholar
Bažant, Z. P., and W. Murphy. 1995. “Creep and shrinkage prediction model for analysis and design of concrete structures: Model B3.” Mater. Struct. 28 (180): 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486204.
Google Scholar
Bažant, Z. P., and L. Panula. 1978. “Practical prediction of time-dependent deformations of concrete: Part II: Basic creep.” Mater. Struct. 11 (Sep): 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473873.
Google Scholar
Bažant, Z. P., Q. Yu, K. T. Kim, M. H. Hubler, V. Šmilauer, L. M. Vráblik, and V. Křistek. 2011. “Excessive multi-decade deflections of prestressed concrete bridges: How to avoid them and how to exploit their monitoring to improve creep prediction model.” In Proc., fib Symp., 827–830. Prague, Czech Republic: Czech Concrete Society.
Google Scholar
Bažant, Z. P., Q. Yu, and G.-H. Li. 2012. “Excessive long-time deflections of prestressed box girders. II: Numerical analysis and lessons learned.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (6): 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000375.
Google Scholar
CEB-FIP (Comite Euro-international du Beton-Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte) Model Code. 1993. Model code for concrete structures. London: Thomas Telford Services.
Google Scholar
Chinese Standard. 2002. Standard for test method of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete. [In Chinese.] GB/T 50081-2002. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Google Scholar
Chinese Standard. 2007. Common Portland cement. [In Chinese.] GB 175-2007. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Google Scholar
Chinese Standard. 2015. General specifications for design of highway bridges and culverts. [In Chinese.] JTG D60-2015. Beijing: China Communication Press.
Google Scholar
Chinese Standard. 2017. Ground granulated blast furnace slag used for cement, mortar and concrete. [In Chinese.] GB/T 18046-2017. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Google Scholar
Chinese Standard. 2018. Code for design of highway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges and culverts. [In Chinese.] JTG 3362-2018. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Google Scholar
Dabarera, A., L. Li, and V. Dao. 2021. “Experimental evaluation and modelling of early-age basic tensile creep in high-performance concrete.” Mater. Struct. 54 (3): 130. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01722-w.
Google Scholar
Demir, İ., Ö. Sevim, and E. Tekin. 2018. “The effects of shrinkage-reducing admixtures used in self-compacting concrete on its strength and durability.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (May): 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.250.
Google Scholar
Fan, Y., H. Niu, and X. Zhang. 2020. “Impact of the properties of old mortar on creep prediction model of recycled aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 239 (Apr): 117772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117772.
Google Scholar
Gardner, N. J., and M. J. Lockman. 2001. “Design provisions for drying shrinkage and creep of normal-strength concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 98 (2): 159–167. https://doi.org/10.14359/10199.
Google Scholar
Gedam, B. A., N. M. Bhandari, and A. Upadhyay. 2016. “Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on shrinkage, creep, and durability of high-performance concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (4): 04015173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001462.
Google Scholar
Goel, R., R. Kumar, and D. K. Paul. 2007. “Comparative study of various creep and shrinkage prediction models for concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 19 (3): 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:3(249).
Google Scholar
Guo, T., and Z. Chen. 2016. “Deflection control of long-span PSC box-girder bridge based on field monitoring and probabilistic FEA.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (6): 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000909.
Google Scholar
Hedegaard, B. 2020. “Creep and shrinkage modeling of concrete using solidification theory.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (7): 04020179. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003256.
Google Scholar
Husem, M., and S. Gozutok. 2005. “The effects of low temperature curing on the compressive strength of ordinary and high performance concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 19 (1): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.033.
Google Scholar
Keitel, H., and A. Dimmig-Osburg. 2010. “Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of creep models for uncorrelated and correlated input parameters.” Eng. Struct. 32 (11): 3758–3767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.020.
Google Scholar
Kim, J.-K., S. H. Han, Y. D. Park, and J. H. Noh. 1998. “Material properties of self-flowing concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 10 (4): 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1998)10:4(244).
Google Scholar
Kodur, V., S. Banerji, and R. Solhmirzaei. 2020. “Effect of temperature on thermal properties of ultrahigh-performance concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (8): 04020210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003286.
Google Scholar
Li, Z., and J. Qian. 1989. “Creep damage analysis and its application to nonlinear creep of reinforced concrete beam.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 34 (4): 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(89)90222-1.
Google Scholar
Liaudat, J., M. Rodriguez, C. Lopez, and I. Carol. 2013. “Mechanics and physics of creep, shrinkage, and durability of concrete: A tribute to Zdeněk P. Bažant.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability Mechanics (CONCREEP-9), 22–25. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Google Scholar
Lopez, M., L. F. Kahn, and K. E. Kurtis. 2007. “Characterization of elastic and time-dependent deformations in normal strength and high performance concrete by image analysis.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (8): 1265–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.05.011.
Google Scholar
Lu, X. J., Z. D. Li, and P. Zhang. 2014. “Experimental study on C60 high performance concrete with high content mineral additives and low shrinkage creep.” Adv. Mater. Res. 1030 (Nov): 978–982. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.978.
Google Scholar
Ma, Y., L. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Xiang, and Y. Liu. 2014. “Bridge remaining strength prediction integrated with Bayesian network and in situ load testing.” J. Bridge Eng. 19 (10): 04014037. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000611.
Google Scholar
Ma, Y., J. Zhang, L. Wang, and Y. Liu. 2013. “Probabilistic prediction with Bayesian updating for strength degradation of RC bridge beams.” Struct. Saf. 44 (Sep): 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.07.006.
Google Scholar
Nowak, A. S. 1999. Calibration of LRFD bridge design code. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Google Scholar
Ostrowski, K., M. Dudek, and Ł. Sadowski. 2020. “Compressive behaviour of concrete-filled carbon fiber-reinforced polymer steel composite tube columns made of high performance concrete.” Compos. Struct. 234 (Feb): 111668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111668.
Google Scholar
Peng, J., Y. Yang, H. Bian, J. Zhang, and L. Wang. 2022. “Optimisation of maintenance strategy of deteriorating bridges considering sustainability criteria.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 18 (3): 395–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1855215.
Google Scholar
Qin, D., C. Dong, Z. Zong, Z. Guo, Y. Xiong, and T. Jiang. 2022. “Shrinkage and creep of sustainable self-compacting concrete with recycled concrete aggregates, fly ash, slag, and silica fume.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (9): 04022236. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004393.
Google Scholar
Qin, S., and Z. Gao. 2017. “Developments and prospects of long-span high-speed railway bridge technologies in China.” Engineering 3 (6): 787–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2017.11.001.
Google Scholar
Shen, D., C. Li, J. Kang, K. Liu, C. Liu, and M. Li. 2022. “Influence of loading ages on the early age tensile creep of high-strength concrete modified with superabsorbent polymers.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (5): 04022064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004207.
Google Scholar
Sohail, M. G., B. Wang, A. Jain, R. Kahraman, N. G. Ozerkan, B. Gencturk, M. Dawood, and A. Belarbi. 2018. “Advancements in concrete mix designs: High-performance and ultrahigh-performance concretes from 1970 to 2016.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (3): 04017310. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002144.
Google Scholar
Strauss, A., R. Wan-Wendner, A. Vidovic, I. Zambon, Q. Yu, D. M. Frangopol, and K. Bergmeister. 2017. “Gamma prediction models for long-term creep deformations of prestressed concrete bridges.” J. Civ. Eng. Manage. 23 (6): 681–698. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1335652.
Google Scholar
Vogel, H. M., and D. Svecova. 2012. “Evaluation of elastic modulus for high-strength concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (3): 313–322. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683821.
Google Scholar
Wang, J., P. Lv, Q. Xu, X. Luo, and M. Zhu. 2018. “Calculation model for concrete creep and its practical application.” [In Chinese.] Supplement, China Eng. Mech. 35 (S1): 156–160. https://doi.org/10.6052/j.issn.1000-4750.2018.01.S029.
Google Scholar
Wang, L., P. Yuan, and R. W. Floyd. 2023. “Generation of optimal load paths for corroded reinforced concrete beams—Part II: Multi-angle truss model.” ACI Mater. J. 120 (4): 115–126. https://doi.org/10.14359/51738751.
Google Scholar
Wendner, R., M. H. Hubler, and Z. P. Bažant. 2013. “The B4 model for multi-decade creep and shrinkage prediction.” In Proc., Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete: A Tribute to Zdeněk P. Bažant, 429–436. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Google Scholar
Wu, H., D. Yang, C. Wang, and Z. Ma. 2023. “Microstructural and macroperformance of recycled mortar with high-quality recycled aggregate and powder from high-performance concrete waste.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 35 (3): 04022482. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004657.
Google Scholar
Yang, I. H. 2007. “Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of time-dependent effects in concrete structures.” Eng. Struct. 29 (7): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.07.015.
Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Z. Liu, H. Tang, and J. Peng. 2023. “Deflection-based failure probability analysis of low shrinkage-creep concrete structures in presence of non-stationary evolution of shrinkage and creep uncertainties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 376 (May): 131077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131077.
Google Scholar
Yang, Y., J. Peng, C. Cai, and J. Zhang. 2019. “Improved interval evidence theory–based fuzzy AHP approach for comprehensive condition assessment of long-span PSC continuous box-girder bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (12): 04019113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001494.
Google Scholar
Yang, Y., J. Peng, X. Liu, C. S. Cai, and J. Zhang. 2021. “Probability analysis of web cracking of corroded prestressed concrete box-girder bridges considering aleatory and epistemic uncertainties.” Eng. Struct. 228 (Feb): 111486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111486.
Google Scholar
Zeng, D., J. Xie, X.-H. Zheng, H.-W. Ren, and G.-L. Wang. 2015. “Long-term deflection prediction and correction of creep and shrinkage model of high-strength concrete based on short-term measured data for bridge.” J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev. 9 (3): 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1061/JHTRCQ.0000456.
Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-J., J.-Q. Zhu, and P.-Y. Chi. 1999. “Modification of pore chemicals in evaluation of high-performance concrete permeability.” ACI Mater. J. 96 (1): 84–89. https://doi.org/10.14359/432.
Google Scholar
Zhou, J., Z. Sun, B. Wei, L. Zhang, and P. Zeng. 2021. “Deflection-based multilevel structural condition assessment of long-span prestressed concrete girder bridges using a connected pipe system.” Measurement 169 (Feb): 108352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108352.
Google Scholar

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 8 • August 2024

Copyright

© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.

History

Received: Sep 29, 2023
Accepted: Jan 26, 2024
Published online: May 23, 2024
Published in print: Aug 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Oct 23, 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

ASCE Technical Topics:

  1. Bridge engineering
  2. Bridge management
  3. Bridges
  4. Bridges (by type)
  5. Concrete
  6. Continuum mechanics
  7. Creep
  8. Displacement (mechanics)
  9. Engineering fundamentals
  10. Engineering materials (by type)
  11. Engineering mechanics
  12. High-performance concrete
  13. Material mechanics
  14. Material properties
  15. Materials characterization
  16. Materials engineering
  17. Mathematics
  18. Parameters (statistics)
  19. Rheology
  20. Shrinkage (material)
  21. Solid mechanics
  22. Span bridges
  23. Statistics
  24. Structural engineering
  25. Structural mechanics

Authors

Affiliations

Junyi Xiao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-5581 [email protected]
Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Changsha Univ. of Science and Technology, No. 960, Section 2, Wanjiali South Rd., Changsha, Hunan 410114, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-5581. Email: [email protected]
View all articles by this author
Jianxin Peng [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Changsha Univ. of Science and Technology, No. 960, Section 2, Wanjiali South Rd., Changsha, Hunan 410114, China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
View all articles by this author
C. S. Cai, F.ASCE [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Bridge Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast Univ., Nanjing 211189, China; formerly, Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Email: [email protected]
View all articles by this author
Hanbing Bian [email protected]
Professor, Laboratory of Civil Engineering and GeoEnvironment, Univ. of Lille, Lille 59000, France. Email: [email protected]
View all articles by this author
Jianren Zhang [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Changsha Univ. of Science and Technology, No. 960, Section 2, Wanjiali South Rd., Changsha, Hunan 410114, China. Email: [email protected]
View all articles by this author

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share