Identifying the Suitability of Warm Mix Asphalt for Reducing the Production Temperatures of Crumb Rubber–Modified Asphalt Mixtures: Economic and Environmental Perspective
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 9
Abstract
The higher production temperature and greenhouse gas emissions restrain the use of crumb rubber (CR) obtained from recycled tires in pavement construction. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is a sustainable solution for crumb rubber–modified bitumen (CRMB) as it allows the production of asphalt mixtures at lower temperatures. In addition, WMA lowers fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to the cleaner production of asphalt mixtures. The primary objective of the study is to minimize the production temperature of crumb rubber–modified (CRM) binders with the use of WMA technology. This study explores the mixing and compaction temperatures using a workability approach. The study found that the conventional viscous-based methods do not yield appropriate production temperatures for CRM asphalt binders. The workability approach used in this study was able to quantify the mixing and compaction temperatures for different CRM mixture incorporated with WMA technologies. About 4%–13% and 5%–22% reduction in mixing and compaction temperatures, respectively, were obtained for different WMA technologies. Finally, the reduction in GHG and energy consumption were studied for WMA technology at their reduced mixing and compaction temperature. The use of WMA technology reduced the energy consumption by around 4%–12% and GHG emissions by 4%–13% relative to base CRM mixture. The amount of reduction in emission and energy consumption was found to be the function of fuel type, WMA additives, and their respective dosages.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their thanks to Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi for providing the laboratory facility for carrying out the experimental work. The authors also extend their thanks to GR Infraprojects Limited for providing facility for the study. Authors are also thankful to Dr. Mayank Sukhija for helping in the section “Energy Consumption and Green House Emissions.”
References
Akisetty, C., F. Xiao, T. Gandhi, and S. Amirkhanian. 2011. “Estimating correlations between rheological and engineering properties of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm mix asphalt additive.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 950–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.087.
Ali, A., A. Abbas, M. Nazzal, A. Alhasan, A. Roy, and D. Powers. 2013. “Effect of temperature reduction, foaming water content, and aggregate moisture content on performance of foamed warm mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.081.
Ali, A., A. Abbas, M. Nazzal, A. Alhasan, A. Roy, and D. Powers. 2014. “Workability evaluation of foamed warm-mix asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (6): 04014011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000904.
Almeida-Costa, A., and A. Benta. 2016. “Economic and environmental impact study of warm mix asphalt compared to hot mix asphalt.” J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (Jan): 2308–2317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.077.
Almusawi, A., B. Sengoz, and A. Topal. 2021. “Investigation of mixing and compaction temperatures of modified hot asphalt and warm mix asphalt.” Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 65 (1): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.15118.
ASTM. 2023. Standard specification for performance-graded asphalt binders. ASTM D6373. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bahia, H. U., D. I. Hanson, M. Zeng, H. Zhai, M. A. Khatri, and R. M. Anderson. 2001. Characterization of modified asphalt binders in superpave mix design. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978a. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials, penetration test. IS 1203. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978b. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials, softening point test. IS 1205. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978c. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials, viscosity test. IS 1206. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2004. Polymer and rubber modified bitumen—Specifications. IS 15462:2004. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Bocoum, A., S. Hosseinnezhad, and E. H. Fini. 2014. “Investigating effect of amine based additives on asphalt rubber rheological properties.” In Asphalt pavements. London: CRC Press.
Capitão, S. D., L. G. Picado-Santos, and F. Martinho. 2012. “Pavement engineering materials: Review on the use of warm-mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 1016–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.038.
Ghavibazoo, A., M. Abdelrahman, and M. Ragab. 2013. “Effect of crumb rubber modifier dissolution on storage stability of crumb rubber-modified asphalt.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2370 (1); 109–115. https://doi.org/10.3141/2370-14.
Gudimettla, J. M., L. A. Cooley, and E. R. Brown. 2004. “Workability of hot-mix asphalt.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1891 (1): 229–237. https://doi.org/10.3141/1891-27.
Huang, B., G. Li, S.-S. Pang, and J. Eggers. 2004. “Investigation into waste tire rubber-filled concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (3): 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:3(187).
Huang, B., L. N. Mohammad, P. S. Graves, and C. Abadie. 2002. “Louisiana experience with crumb rubber-modified hot-mix asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1789 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.3141/1789-01.
Hurley, G. C., and B. D. Prowell. 2005. Evaluation of Sasobit for use in warm mix asphalt. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
IPCC. 2006. IPCC—Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, 12. Bracknell: IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit.
Jamal, M., and F. Giustozzi. 2020. “Low-content crumb rubber modified bitumen for improving Australian local roads condition.” J. Cleaner Prod. 271 (Oct): 122484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122484.
Kataware, A. V., and D. Singh. 2019. “Dynamic mechanical analysis of crumb rubber modified asphalt binder containing warm mix additives.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20 (9): 1044–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1380806.
Khatri, A., H. U. Bahia, and D. Hanson. 2001. “Mixing and compaction temperatures for modified binders using the superpave gyratory compactor (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 70: 368–402.
Kumar, S. A., U. Sarvanan, J. M. Krishnan, and A. Veeraragavan. 2014. “Rheological characterisation of modified binders at mixing and compaction temperature.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 15 (9): 767–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2013.851792.
Lee, S. J., S. N. Amirkhanian, and S. Z. Kwon. 2008. “The effects of compaction temperature on CRM mixtures made with the SGC and the Marshall compactor.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (6): 1122–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.003.
Liu, S., A. Shukla, and T. Nandra. 2017. “Technological, environmental and economic aspects of Asphalt recycling for road construction.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 75 (Aug): 879–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.080.
Lo Presti, D. 2013. “Recycled tyre rubber modified bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007.
Mashaan, N. S., A. H. Ali, S. Koting, and M. R. Karim. 2013. “Dynamic properties and fatigue life of stone mastic asphalt mixtures reinforced with waste tyre rubber.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2013 (Jan): 319259. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/319259.
Milad, A., A. M. Babalghaith, A. M. Al-Sabaeei, A. Dulaimi, A. Ali, S. S. Reddy, M. Bilema, and N. I. M. Yusoff. 2022. “A comparative review of hot and warm mix asphalt technologies from environmental and economic perspectives: Towards a sustainable asphalt pavement.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19 (22): 14863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214863.
Mohammadi, I., and H. Khabbaz. 2013. “Challenges associated with optimisation of blending, mixing and compaction temperatures for asphalt mixture modified with crumb rubber modifier (CRM).” Appl. Mech. Mater. 256 (Feb): 1837–1844. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.256-259.1837.
MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 2013. Specifications for road bridge works 5th revision. New Delhi: MoRTH.
Nejad, F. M., P. Aghajani, A. Modarres, and H. Firoozifar. 2012. “Investigating the properties of crumb rubber modified bitumen using classic and SHRP testing methods.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.048.
Oliveira, J. R. M., H. M. R. D. Silva, L. P. F. Abreu, and S. R. M. Fernandes. 2013. “Use of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures.” J. Cleaner Prod. 41 (Feb): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.047.
Ozturk, H. I., and F. Kamran. 2019. “Laboratory evaluation of dry process crumb rubber modified mixtures containing warm mix asphalt additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 229 (Dec): 116940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116940.
Peinado, D., M. De Vega, N. García-Hernando, and C. Marugán-Cruz. 2011. “Energy and exergy analysis in an asphalt plant’s rotary dryer.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 31 (6–7): 1039–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.11.029.
Pérez-Martínez, M., F. Moreno-Navarro, J. Martín-Marín, C. Ríos-Losada, and M. C. Rubio-Gámez. 2014. “Analysis of cleaner technologies based on waxes and surfactant additives in road construction.” J. Cleaner Prod. 65 (Feb): 374–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.012.
Rahman, T., A. Dawson, and N. Thom. 2020. “Warm mix asphalt (WMA) for rapid construction in airfield pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 246 (Jun): 118411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118411.
Reinke, G. 2003. Determination of mixing and compaction temperature of PG binders using a steady shear flow test. Hong Kong: International Review of Civil Engineering.
Rodríguez-Alloza, A. M., and J. Gallego. 2017. “Volumetric characteristics and compactability of asphalt rubber mixtures with organic warm mix asphalt additives.” Mater. Constr. 67 (327): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.03616.
Roy Leizer. 2011. Color analysis—Leizersoft. Yokne’am Illit, Israel: Leizersoft.
Rubio, M. C., G. Martínez, L. Baena, and F. Moreno. 2012. “Warm mix asphalt: An overview.” J. Cleaner Prod. 24 (Mar): 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.053.
Saboo, N., M. Sukhija, and V. P. Wagh. 2023. “A rational approach for estimation of production temperatures of warm mix asphalt (WMA).” In Indian highways. New Delhi: Indian Roads Congress.
Sukhija, M., and N. Saboo. 2020. “A comprehensive review of warm mix asphalt mixtures-laboratory to field.” Constr. Build. Mater. 274 (Mar): 121781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121781.
Sukhija, M., N. Saboo, and A. Pani. 2022. “Economic and environmental aspects of warm mix asphalt mixtures: A comparative analysis.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 109 (Aug): 103355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103355.
Sukhija, M., N. Saboo, and A. Pani. 2023. “Effect of warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies on the moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 369 (Mar): 130589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130589.
Sukhija, M., V. P. Wagh, and N. Saboo. 2021. “Development of workability based approach for assessment of production temperatures of warm mix asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 305 (Oct): 124808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124808.
Wang, C., P. Hao, F. Ruan, X. Zhang, and S. Adhikari. 2013. “Determination of the production temperature of warm mix asphalt by workability test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.097.
Wang, H., Z. Dang, Z. You, and D. Cao. 2012. “Effect of warm mixture asphalt (WMA) additives on high failure temperature properties for crumb rubber modified (CRM) binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 35 (Oct): 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.004.
Wang, H., X. Liu, P. Apostolidis, and T. Scarpas. 2018. “Non-Newtonian behaviors of crumb rubber-modified bituminous binders.” Appl. Sci. 8 (10): 1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101760.
West, R. C., D. E. Watson, P. A. Turner, and J. R. Casola. 2010. Mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt binders in hot-mix asphalt. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Xiao, F., P. E. Wenbin Zhao, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2009. “Fatigue behavior of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm asphalt additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10): 3144–3151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.036.
Yildirim, Y., J. Ideker, and D. Hazlett. 2006. “Evaluation of viscosity values for mixing and compaction temperatures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 18 (4): 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:4(545).
Yildirim, Y., M. Solaimanian, and T. W. Kennedy. 2000. Mixing and compaction temperatures for hot mix asphalt concrete. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Yu, X., Z. Leng, and T. Wei. 2014. “Investigation of the rheological modification mechanism of warm-mix additives on crumb-rubber-modified asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (2): 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000808.
Zhao, G., and P. Guo. 2012. “Workability of sasobit warm mixture asphalt.” Energy Procedia 16 (Jan): 1230–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.196.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 9 • September 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 24, 2023
Accepted: Feb 16, 2024
Published online: Jun 19, 2024
Published in print: Sep 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 19, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Air pollution
- Asphalts
- Emissions
- Energy consumption
- Energy engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Environmental engineering
- Materials characterization
- Materials engineering
- Materials processing
- Measurement (by type)
- Mixtures
- Pollution
- Temperature effects
- Temperature measurement
- Thermal pollution
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.