An Investigation of the Bonding between Calcium Phosphate Cement Overlay and Old Concrete Substrate
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 6
Abstract
This research focuses on the bonding between calcium phosphate cement (CPC) composites designed as a thin repair overlay material and old ordinary portland cement (OPC) as a concrete substrate. The OPC concrete substrate was prepared to have a 28-day compressive strength of 50 MPa at room temperature. In order to select a suitable surface condition of the substrate to receive the repair material and the age to determine the bond strength, the development of the bond strength of the CPC overlay cast on five different preconditioned old concrete substrates was measured after 7, 14, and 28 days under laboratory conditions. It was found that the prepared saturated surface dry (SSD) substrate surface had the optimum bond strengths with the CPC material after 14 days. Subsequently, the intimate bonding relationships between the in situ cast CPC composites and the precast concrete (conditioned as the prepared SSD substrate surface) were investigated through pull-off, slant shear, and bi-shear bond tests. Results indicate a high bond between the CPC repair material and the OPC concrete substrate at room temperature. It was also found that rubber aggregates and fiber inclusions reduced such bond, with the most significant detrimental effect in composites that contained rubber aggregates and fiber reinforcements. Finally, a high positive correlation was observed among the tensile bond strength, slant shear bond strength, and bi-shear bond strength of the CPC-OPC composite systems, with cohesion and coefficient of friction values ranging from 1.37–2.94 MPa and 0.78–1.07, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was fully funded through a scholarship provided to Mr. Ajoku by Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF), Nigeria. We are grateful to Campus France (French Government) for helping with the coordination of the program.
Author contributions: Chinedu A. Ajoku: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Visualization, Writing–original draft; Writing–review and editing. Anaclet Turatsinze: Resources, Supervision, Writing–review and editing. Ariane Abou-Chakra: Supervision, Writing–review and editing.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2009. Guide for the use of polymers in concrete. ACI 548. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ajoku, C. A., A. Turatsinze, and A. Abou-Chakra. 2022. “Use of fibres in improving the mechanical properties of a multifunctional cement for structural repair purposes.” In Vol. 364 of Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022), 04002. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236404002.
Ajoku, C. A., A. Turatsinze, and A. Abou-Chakra. 2023a. “Electrical and thermal properties of wollastonite-based inorganic phosphate cement modified with fibres and recycled rubber aggregates.” In Proc., 8th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE’23). Lisbon, Portugal: International conference on Structural Engineering and Concrete Technology. https://doi.org/DOI:10.11159/icsect23.131.
Ajoku, C. A., A. Turatsinze, and A. Abou-Chakra. 2023b. “Mechanical behaviour of wollastonite-based cement composites incorporating fibres and recycled rubber aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 392 (Aug): 131843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131843.
Ajoku, C. A., A. Turatsinze, and A. Abou-Chakra. 2023c. “Properties of calcium silicate-based inorganic phosphate cement at room controlled conditions.” J. Build. Eng. 64 (Apr): 105719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105719.
Alhussainy, F., H. A. Hasan, S. Rogic, M. Neaz Sheikh, and M. N. S. Hadi. 2016. “Direct tensile testing of self-compacting concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 903–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.215.
Alma’aitah, M., and B. Ghiassi. 2022. “Development of cost-effective low carbon hybrid textile reinforced concrete for structural or repair applications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 341 (Jul): 127858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127858.
Alshaaer, M., H. Cuypers, G. Mosselmans, H. Rahier, and J. Wastiels. 2011. “Evaluation of a low temperature hardening inorganic phosphate cement for high-temperature applications.” Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (1): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.003.
ASTM. 2008. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. ASTM C33/C33M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for measuring pavement macrotexture depth using a volumetric technique. ASTM E965. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Banthia, N., and R. Gupta. 2006. “Influence of polypropylene fiber geometry on plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (7): 1263–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.01.010.
Bentz, D. P., I. De la Varga, J. F. Muñoz, R. P. Spragg, B. A. Graybeal, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, S. Z. Jones, and J. M. LaManna. 2018. “Influence of substrate moisture state and roughness on interface microstructure and bond strength: Slant shear vs. pull-off testing.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 87 (Mar): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.12.005.
Beushausen, H., and M. G. Alexander. 2008. “Bond strength development between concretes of different ages.” Mag. Concr. Res. 60 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.00108.
Bissonnette, B., L. Courard, D. W. Fowler, and J.-L. Granju, eds. 2011. Bonded cement-based material overlays for the repair, the lining or the strengthening of slabs or pavements: State-of-the-art report of the RILEM technical committee 193-RLS. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1239-3.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1999. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—test methods—measurement of bond strength by pull-off. EN 1542. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2000. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures-test methods-determination of adhesion concrete to concrete. EN 12636. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of concrete structures -general rules and rules for buildings. EN 1992-1-1: Eurocode 2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity—Part 3: Structural and non-structural repair. EN 1504-3. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2012a. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. EN 197-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2012b. Test for geometrical properties of aggregates: Determination of particle size distribution-sieve analysis. NF EN 933-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2016. Methods of testing cement: Determination of strength. NF EN 196-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Courard, L., T. Piotrowski, and A. Garbacz. 2014. “Near-to-surface properties affecting bond strength in concrete repair.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 46 (Feb): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.11.005.
Cuypers, H., J. Wastiels, P. Van Itterbeeck, E. De Bolster, J. Orlowsky, and M. Raupach. 2006. “Durability of glass fibre reinforced composites experimental methods and results.” Composites, Part A 37 (2): 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.027.
Dalalbashi, A., B. Ghiassi, and D. V. Oliveira. 2022. “Effect of early curing and substrate preparation conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of TRM-masonry composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 349 (Sep): 128733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128733.
Du, J., W. Meng, K. H. Khayat, Y. Bao, P. Guo, Z. Lyu, A. Abu-obeidah, H. Nassif, and H. Wang. 2021. “New development of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC).” Composites, Part B 224 (Nov): 109220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109220.
Fathy, A., H. Zhu, and M. Kohail. 2022. “Factors affecting the fresh-to-hardened concrete repair system.” Constr. Build. Mater. 320 (Feb): 126279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126279.
Feng, S., H. Xiao, and J. Geng. 2020a. “Bond strength between concrete substrate and repair mortar: Effect of fibre stiffness and substrate surface roughness.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 114 (Nov): 103746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103746.
Feng, S., H. Xiao, and H. Li. 2020b. “Comparative studies of the effect of ultrahigh-performance concrete and normal concrete as repair materials on interfacial bond properties and microstructure.” Eng. Struct. 222 (Nov): 111122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111122.
Garbacz, A., T. Piotrowski, L. Courard, and L. Kwaśniewski. 2017. “On the evaluation of interface quality in concrete repair system by means of impact-echo signal analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 134 (Mar): 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.064.
Gillani, S. A. A., A. Toumi, and A. Turatsinze. 2020. “Effect of surface preparation of substrate on bond tensile strength of thin bonded cement-based overlays.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 13 (2): 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-019-0101-5.
Hameed, R. 2010. “Contribution of fibre reinforcement to the performance of structures in reinforced concrete for seismic applications.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Genie Civil, Univ. of Toulouse.
Ho, A. C., A. Turatsinze, R. Hameed, and D. C. Vu. 2012. “Effects of rubber aggregates from grinded used tyres on the concrete resistance to cracking.” J. Cleaner Prod. 23 (1): 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.09.016.
Hong, S.-G., and S.-H. Kang. 2015. Effect of surface preparation and curing method on bond strength between UHPC and normal strength concrete, 1537–1543. London: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2749/222137815818358925.
International Concrete Repair Institute. 1997. “Selecting and Specifying concrete surface preparation for sealers, coating, and polymer overlays, Technical guideline.” JCPL 14 (10): 71–74.
Lei, F., Z. Zhen-ya, W. Xiao-dong, X. Chao, and H. Dong-yuan. 2018. “Long-term behaviors of phosphate-based rapid repairing material for concrete shafts in coal mines.” J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 16 (3): 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/2280800018766998.
Model Code. 2010. First complete draft–Vol. 1. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Federation for Structural Concrete.
Mohamad, M. E., I. S. Ibrahim, R. Abdullah, A. B. Abd. Rahman, A. B. H. Kueh, and J. Usman. 2015. “Friction and cohesion coefficients of composite concrete-to-concrete bond.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 56 (Feb): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.10.003.
Momayez, A., M. R. Ehsani, A. A. Ramezanianpour, and H. Rajaie. 2005. “Comparison of methods for evaluating bond strength between concrete substrate and repair materials.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (4): 748–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.027.
Nguyen, T.-H., A. Toumi, and A. Turatsinze. 2010. “Mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced and rubberised cement-based mortars.” Mater. Des. 31 (1): 641–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.006.
Qiao, F., C. K. Chau, and Z. Li. 2010. “Property evaluation of magnesium phosphate cement mortar as patch repair material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (5): 695–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.039.
Qin, J., J. Qian, C. You, Y. Fan, Z. Li, and H. Wang. 2018. “Bond behavior and interfacial micro-characteristics of magnesium phosphate cement onto old concrete substrate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 167 (Apr): 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.018.
Resan, S. F., S. M. Chassib, S. K. Zemam, and M. J. Madhi. 2020. “New approach of concrete tensile strength test.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 12 (Jun): e00347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00347.
Rudawska, A., K. Sarna-Boś, A. Rudawska, E. Olewnik-Kruszkowska, and M. Frigione. 2022. “Biological effects and toxicity of compounds based on cured epoxy resins.” Polymers 14 (22): 4915. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14224915.
Santos, P. M. D., and E. N. B. S. Júlio. 2012. “A state-of-the-art review on shear-friction.” Eng. Struct. 45 (Dec): 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.06.036.
Semendary, A. A., and D. Svecova. 2020. “Factors affecting bond between precast concrete and cast in place ultra high performance concrete (UHPC).” Eng. Struct. 216 (Aug): 110746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110746.
Shao, J., H. Zhu, X. Zuo, W. Lei, S. M. Borito, J. Liang, and F. Duan. 2020. “Effect of waste rubber particles on the mechanical performance and deformation properties of epoxy concrete for repair.” Constr. Build. Mater. 241 (Apr): 118008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118008.
Singh, R. P., M. Khait, S. C. Zunjarrao, C. S. Korach, and G. Pandey. 2010. “Environmental degradation and durability of epoxy-clay nanocomposites.” J. Nanomater. 2010 (Jan): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/352746.
Spee, T., C. Van Duivenbooden, and J. Terwoert. 2006. “Epoxy resins in the construction industry.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1076 (1): 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1371.010.
Sprinkel, M. M. 2016. “Bond strength between shotcrete overlay and reinforced concrete base.” Concr. Repair Bull. 29 (1): 8–13.
Sun, H., W. Wu, Y. Zhao, Y. Lin, S. Xu, T. Zhang, X. Zhang, F. Xing, and J. Ren. 2021a. “Mechanical and durability properties of blended OPC mortar modified by low-carbon belite (C2S) nanoparticles.” J. Cleaner Prod. 305 (Jul): 127087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127087.
Sun, N., Y. Song, W. Hou, H. Zhang, D. Wu, Y. Li, and Y. Gong. 2021b. “Interfacial bond properties between normal strength concrete and epoxy resin concrete.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021 (Sep): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5561097.
Szymanowski, J. 2019. “Evaluation of the adhesion between overlays and substrates in concrete floors: Literature survey, recent non-destructive and semi-destructive testing methods, and research gaps.” Buildings 9 (9): 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090203.
Tayeh, B. A., B. H. A. Bakar, M. A. M. Johari, and M. M. Ratnam. 2013. “The relationship between substrate roughness parameters and bond strength of ultra high-performance fiber concrete.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 27 (16): 1790–1810. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2012.761543.
Vaysburd, A. M., and P. H. Emmons. 2000. “How to make today’s repairs durable for tomorrow–Corrosion protection in concrete repair.” Constr. Build Mater. 14 (4): 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00022-2.
Wagh, A. S. 2016. “Calcium phosphate cements.” In Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics, 165–178. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100380-0.00013-0.
Yousefi Oderji, S., B. Chen, M. R. Ahmad, and S. F. A. Shah. 2019. “Fresh and hardened properties of one-part fly ash-based geopolymer binders cured at room temperature: Effect of slag and alkali activators.” J. Cleaner Prod. 225 (Jul): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.290.
Zanotti, C., N. Banthia, and G. Plizzari. 2014. “A study of some factors affecting bond in cementitious fiber reinforced repairs.” Cem. Concr. Res. 63 (Sep): 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.05.008.
Zanotti, C., G. Rostagno, and B. Tingley. 2018. “Further evidence of interfacial adhesive bond strength enhancement through fiber reinforcement in repairs.” Constr. Build. Mater. 160 (Jan): 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.140.
Zhang, Y., P. Zhu, Z. Liao, and L. Wang. 2020. “Interfacial bond properties between normal strength concrete substrate and ultra-high performance concrete as a repair material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 235 (Feb): 117431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117431.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 6 • June 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 18, 2023
Accepted: Nov 15, 2023
Published online: Mar 22, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Aug 22, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.