Study on Durability and Compression Behaviors of BFRP Bars under Seawater Deterioration and Constraint Condition
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 3
Abstract
The microstructural characterization of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) bars under seawater deterioration (dry–wet cycles modes and immersion modes) was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy spectrum analyzer (EDS). Then, uniaxial compressive tests were carried out on the corroded BFRP bars to explore the effects of different corrosion periods, diameters, and slenderness ratios on the degradation of compressive performance and durability in seawater corrosion and constraint condition. The results showed that dry–wet cycles of seawater caused patchy pitting on the surfaces of BFRP bar, and white granular foams adhered to the bar surface after seawater immersion. The internal microstructure of BFRP bar was deteriorated, and the bonding force between the fiber and resin was reduced with the increase of dry–wet cycles. Five failure modes of BFRP bars occurred in uniaxial compressive tests, namely crushing failure, transverse cracking failure, shearing failure, splitting failure, and buckling failure. The increase of corrosion cycles significantly decreased the bearing capacity and compressive strength, but had little effect on the compressive elastic modulus of BFRP bars. The dry–wet cycles of seawater was more harmful to the mechanical properties of BFRP bars than immersion corrosion. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of BFRP bars were affected by their diameters and slenderness ratios to some extent.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2019GXNSFBA245071), the Basic Ability Enhancement Program for Young and Middle-aged Teachers of Guangxi (2023KY1857), and the Ph.D. fund of Guangxi University of Science and Technology; the views expressed are the authors’ alone.
Author contributions: Literature search, conception, or design of the work methods, validation, data analysis, review and editing, writing, and revising, Shuang Chen; study design, data analysis, data interpretation, writing, and revising, Hong-Mei Chen; supervision, data interpretation, and data analysis, Ji-Wen Guan; and investigation and data analysis, Yu-Tao Liu. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
References
Abdallah, M., M. F. Al, N. Khalil, and A. Khelil. 2023. “Effect of the strengthening patterns on the flexural performance of RC continuous beams using FRP reinforcements.” Eng. Struct. 280 (Apr): 115657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115657.
Ahmad, A., E. R. Ahmed, and A. Farid. 2015. “Bond degradation of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars exposed to accelerated aging conditions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 81 (Apr): 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.036.
Alaa, T., A. Wael, and A. Nasser. 2020. “Bond durability of basalt FRP bars to fiber reinforced concrete in a saline environment.” Compos. Struct. 243 (Jul): 112277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112277.
Alnajmi, L., and F. Abed. 2020. “Evaluation of FRP bars under compression and their performance in RC columns.” Materials 13 (20): 4541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204541.
ASTM. 2013. Standard practice for the preparation of substitute. Ocean water. ASTM D1141-98. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Azzam, A., G. Shuaicheng, Z. Zuhua, S. Caijun, and Z. Deju. 2020. “A review on durability of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars reinforced seawater sea sand concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 256 (Sep): 119484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119484.
Chen, S., J. Guan, and S. Liang. 2023. “Mechanical properties of axially and eccentrically loaded CFRP-coral concrete columns.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00134.
China, P. S. 2017. Test method for compression properties of 3D braided fabric and its polymer matris composites. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Farid, A., M. Zin, O. Chahmi, A. L. Akrum, and B. Rachid. 2020. “Quasi-static and dynamic response of GFRP and BFRP bars under compression.” Composites, Part C 2 (Oct): 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100034.
Hussain, S., M. Z. N. Khan, and H. A. Khan. 2022. “Bond performance of basalt FRP bar against aggressive environment in high-strength concrete with varying bar diameter and bond length.” Constr. Build. Mater. 349 (Sep): 128779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128779.
Jian, B., H. Li, K. Zhou, M. Ashraf, Z. Xiong, and X. Zheng. 2023. “Mechanical evaluation on BFRP laminated bamboo lumber columns under eccentric compression.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 26 (5): 809–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332221138312.
Jumaah, R., R. Kalfat, and R. Al-Mahaidi. 2023. “Non-linear finite element analysis of prestressed T-beams strengthened with FRP laminates and patch anchors.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 19 (5): 691–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2021.1966057.
Junyan, D., Y. Shiping, L. Fengjuan, and D. Pengjie. 2023. “Study on bond performance between seawater sea-sand concrete and BFRP bars under chloride corrosion.” Constr. Build. Mater. 371 (Mar): 130718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130718.
Kenneth, M., and F. Amir. 2019. “Freeze-thaw cycling effect on tensile properties of unidirectional flax fiber reinforced polymers.” Composites, Part B 174 (Oct): 106960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106960.
Kung-Woo, K., K. Dae-Kon, B. Myoung-Kee, and P. Jai-Hak. 2015. “A study on the strength characteristics of the FRP bonding method.” J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Saf. 21 (6): 778–783. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2015.21.6.778.
Li, B., S. Dai, Y. Zhan, J. Xu, X. Guo, Y. Yang, and Y. Chen. 2022. “Strength criterion of recycled aggregate concrete under triaxial Compression: Model calibration.” Constr. Build. Mater. 320 (Feb): 126201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126201.
Liu, W., Q. Wang, J. Hao, G. Zou, P. Zhang, G. Wang, Z. Ai, H. Chen, H. Ma, and D. Song. 2023. “Corrosion resistance and corrosion interface characteristics of Cr-alloyed rebar based on accelerated corrosion testing with impressed current.” J. Mater. Res. Technol. 22 (Jan): 2996–3009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.136.
Lu, Z., W. Li, X. Zeng, and Y. Pan. 2023. “Durability of BFRP bars and BFRP reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete beams immersed in water and simulated seawater.” Constr. Build. Mater. 363 (Jan): 129845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129845.
Mohamed, A. R., E. Hilal, E. Tamer, and A. Farid. 2020. “Durability of basalt FRP reinforcing bars in alkaline solution and moist concrete environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 243 (May): 118258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118258.
Mohamed-Akram, K., and E. R. Ahmed. 2017. “Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete reinforced with basalt-fiber reinforced polymers (BFRP) bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 145 (Aug): 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.237.
Navaratnam, S., K. Selvaranjan, D. Jayasooriya, P. Rajeev, and J. Sanjayan. 2023. “Applications of natural and synthetic fiber reinforced polymer in infrastructure: A suitability assessment.” J. Build. Eng. 66 (Jan): 105835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105835.
Pereira, E., E. Pereira, S. A. Pianaro, M. M. Farias, M. D. G. P. Bragança, and I. C. Oliveira. 2023. “Combined effect of alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and internal sulfate attack (ISA): Microstructural and porous structure modifications of portland cement mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 362 (Jan): 129676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129676.
Shuang, C., and L. Ü. Haibo. 2019. “Experimental study on bond properties between FRP bars and coral concrete.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 304 (5): 052030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/304/5/052030.
Sun, L., C. Wang, C. Zhang, Z. Yang, C. Li, and P. Qiao. 2023. “Experimental investigation on the bond performance of sea sand coral concrete with FRP bar reinforcement for marine environments.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 26 (3): 533–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332221131153.
Tanahashi, S., S. Okawara, T. Tokunaga, and T. Yamamoto. 2023. “Local crystallization of amorphous aluminum oxide thin film using electron beam irradiation by SEM.” Mater. Transact. 64 (1): 184–190. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MT-N2022004.
Tang, Y., Y. Guo, X. Chen, Z. Wang, and Y. Wei. 2022. “Acoustic emission characteristics of concrete cylinders reinforced with steel-fiber-reinforced composite bars under uniaxial compression.” J. Build. Eng. 59 (Nov): 105074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105074.
Wang, L., S. Yin, J. Zhu, and Z. Huang. 2023. “Flexural performance of BFRP reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete beams with TRE SIP forms under a dry-wet environment.” Appl. Ocean Res. 130 (Jan): 103442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103442.
Wang, Z., X. L. Zhao, G. Xian, G. Wu, R. S. Raman, S. Al-Saadi, and A. Haque. 2017. “Long-term durability of basalt- and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP/GFRP) bars in seawater and sea sand concrete environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 139 (May): 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.038.
Wydra, M., P. Dolny, G. Sadowski, N. Grochowska, P. Turkowski, and J. Fangrat. 2023. “Analysis of thermal and mechanical parameters of the BFRP bars.” Mater. Proc. 13 (1): 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013024.
Yao, L., Y. Shiping, L. Yiwen, and H. Changshun. 2020. “Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of BFRP bars in coral concrete under high temperature and humidity.” Constr. Build. Mater. 259 (Oct): 120591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120591.
Zeng, J., Y. Zhuge, S. Liang, Y. Bai, J. Liao, and L. Zhang. 2022. “Durability assessment of PEN/PET FRP composites based on accelerated aging in alkaline solution/seawater with different temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 327 (Apr): 126992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126992.
Zhang, B., Y. Cheng, and H. Zhu. 2023. “Bond performance between BFRP bars and alkali-activated seawater coral aggregate concrete.” Eng. Struct. 279 (Mar): 115596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115596.
Zhang, K., Q. Zhang, and J. Xiao. 2022. “Durability of FRP bars and FRP bar reinforced seawater sea sand concrete structures in marine environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 350 (Oct): 128898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128898.
Zhao, J., J. Fang, Y. Yang, S. Zhang, and H. Biscaia. 2023. “Experimental study on mixed mode-I & II bond behavior of CFRP-to-steel joints with a ductile adhesive.” Thin-Walled Struct. 184 (Mar): 110532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110532.
Zhongyu, L., L. Yongchao, and X. Jianhe. 2020. “Durability of BFRP bars wrapped in seawater sea sand concrete.” Compos. Struct. 255 (Jan): 112935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112935.
Zhou, L., D. Zhu, R. M. Zillur, S. Guo, W. Ma, G. Feng, Y. Yi, and C. Shi. 2023. “Durability of BFRP bars embedded in seawater sea sand coral aggregate concrete in simulated seawater environment: Effects of coral coarse aggregate and cement contents.” Constr. Build. Mater. 362 (Jan): 129694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129694.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 36 • Issue 3 • March 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 31, 2023
Accepted: Aug 18, 2023
Published online: Dec 27, 2023
Published in print: Mar 1, 2024
Discussion open until: May 27, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.