Investigation of the Effect of Explosive Welding Parameters on Aluminum–Steel Bimetals: A Numerical Approach
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 11
Abstract
This study tried to show the quantitative impact of explosive parameters (explosive ratio, standoff distance and orientation, and thickness of the flyer) on the explosive welding quality. Based on the ANSYS AUTODYN software version 2019 R3 package, 27 tests were performed by iterating those three explosive parameters. It was observed that jetting, which is essential for the bonding mechanism in explosive welding, occurs when the explosive ratio becomes high. Unlike the explosive ratio, the standoff distance is inverse to the impact pressure. Relatively, although the flyer plate thickness varies, this investigation cannot discern any discernible variation. Therefore, the effect of flyer plate thickness is found to be insufficient. It can be deduced that explosive welding with an explosive ratio of 2 set at a 3-mm standoff distance and a 2-mm flyer plate thickness with an inclined orientation can produce better results.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Acarer, M., and B. Demir. 2008. “An investigation of mechanical and metallurgical properties of explosive welded aluminum–dual phase steel.” Mater. Lett. 62 (25): 4158–4160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.05.060.
Blazynski. 1983. Explosive welding, forming and compaction. London: Applied Science Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9751-9.
Corigliano, P., V. Crupi, and E. Guglielmino. 2018. “Non linear finite element simulation of explosive welded joints of dissimilar metals for shipbuilding applications.” Ocean Eng. 160 (Aug): 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.070.
Costanza, G., V. Crupi, E. Guglielmino, A. Sili, and M. E. Tata. 2016. “Saldatura metallurgical characterization of an explosion welded aluminum/steel joint welding.” Metall. Ital. 11 (Nov): 17–22.
Donea, J., A. Huerta, J. P. Ponthot, and A. Rodríguez-Ferran. 2004. “Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian methods.” Chap. 14 in The encyclopedia of computational mechanics, 413–437. Hoboken: Wiley.
Durgutlu, A., B. Gülenç, and F. Findik. 2005. “Examination of copper/stainless steel joints formed by explosive welding.” Mater. Des. 26 (6): 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.07.021.
Fairlie, G. E. 1998. “The numerical simulation of high explosives using AUTODYNE 2D & 3D.” In Proc., Institute of Explosive Engineers 4th Biannual Symp., 13. Horsham, UK: Century Dynamics.
Fan, M. 2016. “Effect of original layer thicknesses on the interface bonding and mechanical properties of Ti/ Al laminate composites.” Mater. Des. 99 (Jun): 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.102.
Feng, J., P. Chen, Q. Zhou, K. Dai, E. An, and Y. Yuan. 2017. “Numerical simulation of explosive welding using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method.” Int. J. Multiphys. 11 (3): 315–326.
Findik, F. 2011. “Recent developments in explosive welding.” Mater. Des. 32 (3): 1081–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.10.017.
Fronczek, D., R. Chulist, Z. Szulc, and P. Zieba. 2016. “Microstructure changes and phase growth occurring at the interface of the Al/Ti explosively welded and annealed joints.” J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25 (8): 3211–3217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-1978-7.
Guofa, S., L. Jinshan, S. Feng, M. Bei, and L. Hongwei. 2011. “3D finite element simulation of explosive welding of three-layer plates.” Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 54 (5): 890–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-011-4314-0.
Kahraman, N., B. Gulenc, and F. Findik. 2007. “Corrosion and mechanical-microstructural aspects of dissimilar joints of Ti–6Al–4V and Al plates.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 34 (8): 1423–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.08.003.
LeBoeuf, C. 2019. “ANSYS explicit dynamics.” In Principal engineering. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Hallam Univ.
Li, X., F. Mo, X. Wang, B. Wang, and K. Liu. 2012. “Numerical study on mechanism of explosive welding.” Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining 17 (1): 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1179/1362171811Y.0000000071.
Li, Y., C. Liu, H. Yu, F. Zhao, and Z. Wu. 2017. “Numerical simulation of Ti/Al bimetal composite.” Metals 7 (10): 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7100407.
Mahmood, Y. 2020. “Numerical study of an interlayer effect on explosively welded joints.” Int. J. Multiphys. 14 (1): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.14.1.69.
Martin, R. 2015. “Packaging, datasheet-bonded maritime/industrial products.” Accessed September 16, 2021. https://www.pacaero.com.
Mastanaiah, P., G. M. Reddy, K. S. Prasad, and C. V. S. Murthy. 2014. “An investigation on microstructures and mechanical properties of explosive cladded C103 niobium alloy over C263 nimonic alloy.” J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214 (11): 2316–2324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.04.025.
Mendes, R., J. B. Ribeiro, and A. Loureiro. 2013. “Effect of explosive characteristics on the explosive welding of stainless steel to carbon steel in cylindrical configuration.” J. Mater. 51 (Oct): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.069.
Mousavi, A., and S. T. S. Al-Hassani. 2008. “Finite element simulation of explosively-driven plate impact with application to explosive welding.” Mater. Des. 29 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2006.12.012.
Mousavi, A., S. Burley, and S. T. Al-Hassani. 2005. “Simulation of explosive welding using the Williamsburg equation of state to model low detonation velocity explosives.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 31 (6): 719–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.03.003.
Nassiri, A., G. Chini, A. Vivek, G. Daehn, and B. Kinsey. 2015. “Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian finite element simulation and experimental investigation of wavy interfacial morphology during high velocity impact welding.” Mater. Des. 88 (Dec): 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.005.
Nassiri, A., and B. Kinsey. 2016. “Numerical studies on high-velocity impact welding: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE).” J. Manuf. Process. 24 (Oct): 376–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.06.017.
Nassiri, A., S. Zhang, T. Lee, T. Abke, A. Vivek, B. Kinsey, and G. Daehn. 2017. “Numerical investigation of CP-Ti & Cu110 impact welding using smoothed particle hydrodynamics and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian methods.” J. Manuf. Process. 28 (Aug): 558–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.04.032.
Pearson, J. 1983. Explosive welding. London: Applied Science Publishers.
Sherpa, B. B., D. K. B. Pal, and U. Batra, G. C. Mishra, and B. B. Singh. 2014. “Study of the explosive welding process and applications.” In Advances in applied physical and chemical sciences-a sustainable approach, 33–39. Delhi, India: Excellent Publishing House.
Srivastava, S., B. B. Sherpa, G. Singh, P. J. Singh, A. Upadhyay, and N. Srivastava. 2017. “Numerical simulation of explosive welded steel with aluminum using autodyne 2D.” Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 4 (5): 1378–1382.
Steinberg, D. J., S.G. Cochran, and M. V. Guinan. 1980. “A constitutive model for metals applicable at highstrain rate.” J. Appl. Phys. 51 (3): 1498–1504.
Sun, W., W. Zhang, J. Guo, and S. Jiang. 2019. “Cracking behavior in tensile and bending test of underwater explosive-welded AZ31/Cu laminated composite.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 103 (Feb): 102256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.102256.
Van Oosten, M. 2015. Composite–metal connections for the automotive industry. Fairfield, CA: Tencate Advanced Composites.
Zhang, Z. L., and M. B. Liu. 2019. “Numerical studies on explosive welding with ANFO by using a density adaptive SPH method.” J. Manuf. Process. 41 (Mar): 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.03.039.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 11 • November 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 1, 2022
Accepted: Mar 31, 2023
Published online: Aug 31, 2023
Published in print: Nov 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 31, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.