Effect of Waste Tire Aggregate on Thermal and Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer Composites Produced at Various Binder Contents
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 10
Abstract
The main objective of the current study is the recycle of end-of-life tires as fine aggregate in the production of fly ash–based geopolymer composites. Moreover, it aimed to improve some adverse characteristics caused by the recycled fine aggregate named crumb rubber of such composites by changing the binder content of the composite mixture. In this regard, four crumb rubber replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were designated in the production of rubberized geopolymer composites. The main mixtures were designed at a binder content of . Herein, it should be stated that in the current study, the term binder content was considered a total of precursor (aluminosilicate-rich raw material) and alkaline activator. According to the performance of the geopolymer composites, the binder content was increased to first and then . Thereby, twelve crumb rubber incorporated and three plain fly ash–based geopolymer composites were designed and produced in this study. The performance of these composites was evaluated in terms of fresh and hardened state properties. As fresh state properties, the flowability and fresh unit weight were tested while as hardened state properties, dry unit weight, compressive and splitting tensile strength, total and capillary absorption capacities, and thermal conductivity were tested. The results revealed that replacing river sand with crumb rubber remarkably influenced the characteristics of geopolymer composites. The flowability, unit weights, strength performance, and thermal conductivity of geopolymer composites decreased whereas the absorption capacity increased. Increasing binder content became a remedy for some characteristics of composites. As a consequence, it can be stated that this waste material can be used in the production of such composites but in a controlled manner.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute Committee). 2003. Guide for structural lightweight aggregate concrete. ACI Committee 213. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Afshinnia, K., and A. Poursaee. 2015. “The influence of waste crumb rubber in reducing the alkali–silica reaction in mortar bars.” J. Build. Eng. 4 (Dec): 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.10.002.
Aly, A. M., M. S. El-Feky, M. Kohail, and E. Nasr. 2019. “Performance of geopolymer concrete containing recycled rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 207 (May): 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.121.
Andrew, R. M. 2018. “Global CO2 emissions from cement production.” Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10 (1): 195–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018.
Aslani, F., A. Deghani, and Z. Asif. 2020. “Development of lightweight rubberized geopolymer concrete by using polystyrene and recycled crumb-rubber aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (2): 04019345. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003008.
ASTM. 2017a. Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, and air content (gravimetric) of concrete. ASTM C138/C138M-17a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017b. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496-96-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50 mm] cube specimens). ASTM C109/C109M-20b. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard test method for flow of hydraulic cement mortar. ASTM C1437-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020c. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes. ASTM C1585-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Awoyera, P. O., J. M. Ndambuki, J. O. Akinmusuru, and O. O. David. 2019. “Characterization of ceramic waste aggregate concrete characterization of ceramic waste aggregate concrete.” HBRC J. 14 (3): 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2016.11.003.
Cavalline, T. L., R. W. Castrodale, C. Freeman, and J. Wall. 2017. “Impact of lightweight aggregate on concrete thermal properties.” ACI Mater. J. 114 (6): 945–956. https://doi.org/10.14359/51701003.
Cement Specialist. 1996. “Cement.” Accessed February 19, 2022. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/cement/cemenmcs96.pdf.
Colangelo, F., G. Roviello, L. Ricciotti, V. Ferrándiz-Mas, F. Messina, C. Ferone, O. Tarallo, R. Cioffi, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2018. “Mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight geopolymer composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 86 (Feb): 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.11.016.
Davidovits, J. 2013. “Geopolymer cement a review.” Accessed February 19, 2022. https://www.geopolymer.org/wp-content/uploads/GPCement2013.pdf.
de Brito, J., and R. Kurda. 2020. “The past and future of sustainable concrete: A critical review and new strategies on cement-based materials.” J. Cleaner Prod. 281 (Jan): 123558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123558.
Ekmen, Ş., K. Mermerdaş, and Z. Algın. 2020. “Effect of oxide composition and ingredient proportions on the rheological and mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar incorporating pumice aggregate.” J. Build. Eng. 34 (Feb): 101893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101893.
Etxeberria, M., A. R. Mari, and E. Vazquez. 2007a. “Recycled aggregate concrete as structural material.” Mater. Struct. 40: 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9161-5.
Etxeberria, M., E. Vázquez, A. Marí, and M. Barra. 2007b. “Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (5): 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002.
Güneyisi, E., M. Gesoğlu, E. Booya, and K. Mermerdaş. 2015. “Strength and permeability properties of self-compacting concrete with cold bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 74 (Jan): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.032.
Güneyisi, E., M. Gesoğlu, K. Mermerdaş, and S. İpek. 2014. “Experimental investigation on durability performance of rubberized concrete.” Adv. Concr. Constr. 2 (3): 193–207. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2014.2.3.193.
Hadi, M. N. S., N. A. Farhan, and M. N. Sheikh. 2017. “Design of geopolymer concrete with GGBFS at ambient curing condition using Taguchi method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 140 (Jun): 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.131.
Hatfield, A. K. 2022. “Cement.” Accessed February 19, 2022. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-cement.pdf.
Hossain, M. U., and C. S. Poon. 2018. “Global warming potential and energy consumption of temporary works in building construction: A case study in Hong Kong.” Build. Environ. 142 (Sep): 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.026.
Huntzinger, D. N., and T. D. Eatmon. 2009. “A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: Comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies.” J. Cleaner Prod. 17 (7): 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007.
IEA. 2021. “Clean energy transitions programme: Annual report 2020.” Accessed February 19, 2022. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9b7cb985-1716-4c72-a28f-85ee3b6ee537/CETPAnnualReport2020.pdf.
Ioannidou, D., G. Sonnemann, and S. Suh. 2020. “Do we have enough natural sand for low-carbon infrastructure?” J. Ind. Ecol. 24 (5): 1004–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13004.
İpek, S. 2022. “Macro and micro characteristics of eco-friendly alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymer mortars made of different types of recycled sand.” J. Build. Eng. 52 (Jul): 104431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104431.
İpek, S., O. A. Ayodele, and K. Mermerdaş. 2020. “Influence of artificial aggregate on mechanical properties, fracture parameters and bond strength of concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 238 (Mar): 117756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117756.
Ismail, Z. Z., and E. A. Al-hashmi. 2008. “Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as aggregate replacement.” Waste Manage. 28 (11): 2041–2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.023.
Khaloo, A. R., M. Dehestani, and P. Rahmatabadi. 2008. “Mechanical properties of concrete containing a high volume of tire—Rubber particles.” Waste Manage. 28 (12): 2472–2482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.015.
Koehnken, L., M. S. Rintoul, M. C. Acreman, M. Goichot, and D. Tickner. 2020. “Impacts of riverine sand mining on freshwater ecosystems: A review of the scientific evidence and guidance for future research.” River Res. Appl. 36 (3): 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3586.
Lee, J. H., J. J. Lee, and B. S. Cho. 2012. “Effective prediction of thermal conductivity of concrete using neural network method.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 6 (3): 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-012-0016-x.
Liu, L., G. Cai, J. Zhang, X. Liu, and K. Liu. 2020. “Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled waste tire-sand/soil in geotechnical engineering: A compressive review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 126 (Jul): 109831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109831.
Luhar, S., S. Chaudhary, and I. Luhar. 2019. “Development of rubberized geopolymer concrete: Strength and durability studies.” Constr. Build. Mater. 204 (Apr): 740–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.185.
Mermerdaş, K., Z. Algın, S. M. Oleiwi, and D. E. Nassani. 2017a. “Optimization of lightweight GGBFS and FA geopolymer mortars by response surface method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 139 (May): 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.050.
Mermerdaş, K., S. İpek, and Z. Mahmood. 2021. “Visual inspection and mechanical testing of fly ash-based fibrous geopolymer composites under freeze-thaw cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 283 (May): 122756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122756.
Mermerdaş, K., S. İpek, N. H. Sor, E. S. Mulapeer, and Ş. Ekmen. 2020. “The impact of artificial lightweight aggregate on the engineering features of geopolymer mortar.” Turkish J. Nature Sci. 9 (1): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.718895.
Mermerdaş, K., S. Manguri, D. E. Nassani, and S. M. Oleiwi. 2017b. “Effect of aggregate properties on the mechanical and absorption characteristics of geopolymer mortar.” Eng. Sci. Technol. 20 (6): 1642–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2017.11.009.
Moghaddam, S. C., R. Madandoust, M. Jamshidi, and I. M. Nikbin. 2021. “Mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with crumb rubber and steel fiber under ambient and sulfuric acid conditions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 281 (Apr): 122571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122571.
Muñoz-Sánchez, B., M. J. Arévalo-Caballero, and M. C. Pacheco-Menor. 2017. “Influence of acetic acid and calcium hydroxide treatments of rubber waste on the properties of rubberized mortar.” Mater. Struct. 50: 75. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0912-7.
Nath, P., P. K. Sarker, and V. B. Rangan. 2015. “Early age properties of low-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete suitable for ambient curing.” Procedia Eng. 125: 601–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.077.
Novais, R. M., R. C. Pullar, and J. A. Labrincha. 2019. “Geopolymer foams: An overview of recent advancements.” Prog. Mater. Sci. 109 (Apr): 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100621.
Nuaklong, P., A. Wongsa, K. Boonserm, C. Ngohpok, P. Jongvivatsakul, V. Sata, P. Sukontasukkul, and P. Chidaprasirt. 2021. “Enhancement of mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer containing fine recycled concrete aggregate with micro carbon fiber.” J. Build. Eng. 41 (Sep): 102403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102403.
Park, S. B., B. C. Lee, and J. H. Kim. 2004. “Studies on mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (12): 2181–2189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.006.
Pavithraa, P., M. S. Reddya, P. Dinakar, B. H. Rao, B. K. Satpathyb, and A. N. Mohantyb. 2016. “A mix design procedure for geopolymer concrete with fly ash.” J. Cleaner Prod. 133 (Oct): 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.041.
Priyadharshini, P., K. Ramamurthy, and R. G. Robinson. 2017. “Excavated soil waste as fine aggregate in fly ash based geopolymer mortar.” Appl. Clay Sci. 146 (Sep): 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.05.038.
Saikia, N., and J. de Brito. 2012. “Use of plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34 (Sep): 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.066.
Sambucci, M., A. Sibai, and M. Valente. 2021. “Recent advances in geopolymer technology. A potential eco-friendly solution in the construction materials industry: A review.” J. Compos. Sci. 5 (4): 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040109.
Senthamarai, R. M., and P. D. Manoharan. 2005. “Concrete with ceramic waste aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 27 (9–10): 910–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.04.003.
Shanks, W., C. F. Dunant, M. P. Drewniok, R. C. Lupton, A. Serrenho, and J. M. Allwood. 2019. “How much cement can we do without? Lessons from cement material flows in the UK.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 141 (Feb): 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.002.
Siddique, R., and T. R. Naik. 2004. “Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber–an overview.” Waste Manage. 24 (6): 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006.
Sikora, P., A. Augustyniak, K. Cendrowski, E. Horszczaruk, T. Rucinska, P. Nawrotek, and E. Mijowska. 2016. “Characterization of mechanical and bactericidal properties of cement mortars containing waste glass.” Materials 9 (8): 701–716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9080701.
Singh, B., G. Ishwarya, M. Gupta, and S. K. Bhattacharyya. 2015. “Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 85 (Jun): 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036.
Thomas, B. S., R. C. Gupta, and V. J. Panicker. 2016. “Recycling of waste tire rubber as aggregate in concrete: Durability-related performance.” J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (Part 1): 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.046.
Uğurlu, A. İ., M. B. Karakoç, and A. Özcan. 2021. “Effect of binder content and recycled concrete aggregate on freeze-thaw and sulfate resistance of GGBFS based geopolymer concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 301 (Sep): 124246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124246.
Wongsa, A., V. Sata, B. Nematollahi, J. Sanjayan, and P. Chindaprasirt. 2018. “Mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight geopolymer mortar incorporating crumb rubber.” J. Cleaner Prod. 195 (Sep): 1069–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.003.
Zhang, Z., J. L. Provis, A. Reid, and H. Wang. 2014. “Geopolymer foam concrete : An emerging material for sustainable construction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 56 (Apr): 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.081.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 10 • October 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 21, 2022
Accepted: Mar 15, 2023
Published online: Jul 26, 2023
Published in print: Oct 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 26, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.