Diffusion Study Using Fine-Aggregate Matrices Comprised of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements and a Bio-Based Recycling Agent
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 9
Abstract
The use of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) is an increasing trend nowadays due to environmental and economical appeal. The use of higher percentages of RAP might result on cracking issues associated with the performance of the aged binder. In order to enable the use of RAP, recycling agents of distinct natures have been used to enhance the performance of recycled asphalt mixtures. Diffusion of the recycling agent into the RAP binder is a complex phenomenon influenced by many variables such as temperature and time of exposure to heat. This paper aims to investigate the influence of the diffusion time and mixing temperature on the fatigue performance of fine-aggregate matrices (FAMs) because more studies at this scale are needed to broaden the knowledge on the diffusion process and to improve the techniques for mixture recycling. In this study, the diffusion process is evaluated by comparing the fatigue performance of FAM samples comprised of 40% RAP and bio-oil with a target air void of . The analyzed samples were produced under 10 different scenarios, varying the diffusion time (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 min) and temperature (135°C and 160°C). Linear-viscoelastic properties and fatigue parameters of the FAMs were monitored by means of tests carried out in a DSR, and by applying the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) theory. The best fatigue performance of the FAM mixtures was achieved for a diffusion time of 80 min at 135°C. The temperature of 160°C also presented the best performance for the diffusion of 80 min. Longer diffusion times did not improve the fatigue performance due to prolonged aging, and the impact of extended aging on the linear-viscoelastic properties showed that the higher the mixing temperature the greater the impact of aging on the material stiffness and damage evolution rate.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The first author thanks CNPq (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) for providing a master’s scholarship (Award No. 131000/2020-9). The second author thanks CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for providing a doctor’s scholarship (Award No. 1770965).
References
AASHTO. 2021. Standard method of test for determining the asphalt binder content of asphalt mixtures by the ignition method. AASHTO T 308. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Ali, A. W., Y. A. Mehta, A. Nolan, C. Purdy, and T. Bennert. 2016. “Investigation of the impacts of aging and RAP percentages on effectiveness of asphalt binder rejuvenators.” Constr. Build. Mater. 110 (May): 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.013.
Arrambide, J., and M. Duriez. 1959. Liants Routiers et Enrobés: Matériaux de Protection, Plâtre, Agglomérés, Bois. Paris: Dunod.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of fine aggregate. ASTM C128-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard specification for performance graded asphalt binder. ASTM D6373-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of asphalt mixtures. ASTM D2041-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bernucci, L. B., L. M. G. Motta, J. A. P. Ceratti, and J. B. Soares. 2008. Pavimentação Asfáltica–Formação Básica para Engenheiros. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Petrobrás, ABEDA.
Brownridge, J. 2010. “The role of an asphalt rejuvenator in pavement preservation: Use and need for asphalt rejuvenation.” In Proc., Compendium of Papers from the First Int. Conf. on Pavement Preservation, 351–364. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Carpenter, S. H., and J. R. Wolosick. 1980. “Modifier influence in the characterization of hot-mix recycled material.” Transp. Res. Board 777: 15–22.
Chen, M., F. Xiao, B. Putman, B. Leng, and S. Wu. 2014. “High temperature properties of rejuvenating recovered binder with rejuvenator, waste cooking and cotton seed oils.” Constr. Build. Mater. 59 (May): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.032.
Curado, T. S., A. B. Klug, J. H. G. Pioli, R. C. Nardo, A. L. Faxina, J. E. S. L. Teixeira, and L. R. Rezende. 2021. Study of maximum specific gravity of fine aggregate matrices: A comparison of sample sizes and density determination procedures. Brasil: Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Ensino em Transportes.
Ding, H., H. Wang, X. Qu, A. Varveri, J. Gao, and Z. You. 2021. “Towards an understanding of diffusion mechanism of bio-rejuvenators in aged asphalt binder through molecular dynamics simulation.” J. Cleaner Prod. 299 (May): 126927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126927.
Ding, Y., B. Huang, X. Shu, Y. Zhang, and M. E. Woods. 2016. “Use of molecular dynamics to investigate diffusion between virgin and aged asphalt binders.” Fuel 174 (Jun): 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.022.
DNIT (Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes). 2004. Pavimentos Flexíveis—Concreto Asfáltico—Especificação de Serviço. DNIT 031/2004–ES. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: DNIT.
Elkashef, M., R. C. Williams, and E. Cochran. 2017. “Thermal stability and evolved gas analysis of rejuvenated reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) bitumen using thermogravimetric analysis–Fourier transform infrared (TG–FTIR).” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 131 (Feb): 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6674-9.
Elkashef, M., R. C. Williams, and E. W. Cochran. 2019. “Thermal and cold flow properties of bio-derived rejuvenators and their impact on the properties of rejuvenated asphalt binders.” Thermochim. Acta 671 (Jan): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2018.11.011.
Foroutan Mirhosseini, A., S. A. Tahami, I. Hoff, S. Dessouky, and C.-H. Ho. 2019. “Performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing high-RAP binder content and bio-oil rejuvenator.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 116465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.191.
García, Á., E. Schlangen, and M. van de Ven. 2011. “Properties of capsules containing rejuvenators for their use in asphalt concrete.” Fuel 90 (2): 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.033.
Grasson Filho, A., and A. L. Faxina. 2021. “Evaluation of the specific surface method as a tool to determine the binder content of fine-aggregate matrices.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (1): 04020414. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003483.
Haghshenas, H. F., H. Nabizadeh, Y.-R. Kim, and K. Santosh. 2016. Research on high-RAP asphalt mixtures with rejuvenators and WMA additives. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska Transportation Center.
Hennig Osmari, P., and F. T. S. Aragão. 2016. “Avaliação do resíduo de óleo vegetal como agente rejuvenescedor de ligantes a partir de análises reológicas e de morfologia de superfície.” Transportes 24 (3): 48–54. https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v24i3.1147.
Hunter, R. N. 1994. Bituminous mixtures in road construction. London: Thomas Telford.
Karlsson, R., and U. Isacsson. 2003. “Application of FTIR-ATR to characterization of bitumen rejuvenator diffusion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15 (2): 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:2(157).
Kim, Y.-R., and N. D. Little. 2005. Development of specification-type tests to assess the impact of fine aggregate and mineral filler on fatigue damage. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Kriz, P., D. L. Grant, B. A. Veloza, M. J. Gale, A. G. Blahey, J. H. Brownie, R. D. Shirts, and S. Maccarrone. 2014. “Blending and diffusion of reclaimed asphalt pavement and virgin asphalt binders.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 15 (S1): 78–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2014.927411.
Lee, H.-J., and Y. Kim. 1998. “Viscoelastic continuum damage model of asphalt concrete with healing.” J. Eng. Mech. 124 (11): 1224–1232. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:11(1224).
Lee, K., C. Castorena, and Y. R. Kim. 2018. “Improving the reliability of damage characteristic curves in the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model.” Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board 2672 (28): 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118797808.
Li, M., L. Liu, C. Xing, L. Liu, and H. Wang. 2021. “Influence of rejuvenator preheating temperature and recycled mixture’s curing time on performance of hot recycled mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 295 (Aug): 123616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123616.
Ma, T., X. Huang, Y. Zhao, and Y. Zhang. 2015. “Evaluation of the diffusion and distribution of the rejuvenator for hot asphalt recycling.” Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (Nov): 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.135.
Ma, Y., W. Hu, P. A. Polaczyk, B. Han, R. Xiao, M. Zhang, and B. Huang. 2020. “Rheological and aging characteristics of the recycled asphalt binders with different rejuvenator incorporation methods.” J. Cleaner Prod. 262 (Jul): 121249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121249.
Margaritis, A., G. Tofani, G. Jacobs, J. Blom, S. Tavernier, C. Vuye, and W. Van Den Bergh. 2019. “On the applicability of ATR-FTIR microscopy to evaluate the blending between neat bitumen and bituminous coating of reclaimed asphalt.” Coatings 9 (4): 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040240.
Nascimento, L. A. H., S. M. N. Rocha, E. H. Carlos, Y. R. Kim, M. Chacur, and A. T. Martins. 2014. Uso da mecânica do dano contínuo na caracterização de misturas asfálticas brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro do Petróleo.
Shen, J., S. Amirkhanian, and S.-J. Lee. 2005. “The effects of rejuvenating agents on recycled aged CRM binders.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 6 (4): 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430500439319.
Su, J., Y. Wang, P. Yang, S. Han, N. Han, and W. Li. 2016. “Evaluating and modeling the internal diffusion behaviors of microencapsulated rejuvenator in aged bitumen by FTIR-ATR tests.” Materials (Basel) 9 (11): 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110932.
Terrel, R. L., and J. A. Epps. 1989. Using additives and modifiers in hot mix asphalt. Greenbelt, MD: National Asphalt Pavement Association.
Xiao, Y., C. Li, M. Wan, X. Zhou, Y. Wang, and S. Wu. 2017. “Study of the diffusion of rejuvenators and its effect on aged bitumen binder.” Appl. Sci. 7 (4): 397. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7040397.
Xiao, Y., B. Yan, X. Zhang, X. Chang, and M. Li. 2020. “Study the diffusion characteristics of rejuvenator oil in aged asphalt binder by image thresholding and GC–MS tracer analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 249 (Jul): 118782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118782.
Xu, M., J. Yi, D. Feng, and Y. Huang. 2019. “Diffusion characteristics of asphalt rejuvenators based on molecular dynamics simulation.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20 (5): 615–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1321412.
Zaumanis, M., R. B. Mallick, and R. Frank. 2013. “Evaluation of rejuvenator’s effectiveness with conventional mix testing for 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board 2370 (1): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.3141/2370-03.
Zaumanis, M., R. B. Mallick, L. Poulikakos, and R. Frank. 2014. “Influence of six rejuvenators on the performance properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder and 100% recycled asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 71 (Nov): 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.073.
Zhang, H., Y. Wang, Z. Liu, and Q. Sun. 2020. “Study on mechanical behavior of aging asphalt based on composite regeneration and modification.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020 (May): 1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1325048.
Zhang, R., Z. You, H. Wang, X. Chen, C. Si, and C. Peng. 2018. “Using bio-based rejuvenator derived from waste wood to recycle old asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.201.
Zhao, S. 2014. Blending issues of hot and warm mix asphalt containing recycled asphalt pavement and recycled asphalt shingle. Knoxville, Tennessee: Univ. of Tennessee.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 9 • September 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 22, 2022
Accepted: Feb 10, 2023
Published online: Jun 24, 2023
Published in print: Sep 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Nov 24, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.