Mechanism of Rapid Solidification Sludge with Soil Stabilizer Based on Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 7
Abstract
In this study, a composite rapid soil stabilizer (CRSS) was developed based on a calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) to enhance the rapid solidification performance of sludge soil and augment its deficient engineering properties. The appropriate admixture type and dosage were determined through a double mixing test, and the stabilizer formula was optimized via response surface analysis. The solidification products and micromorphology were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the solidification mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the CRSS-solidified sludge cured for 1 day reached 9 MPa, which was approximately 5 times higher than that of sludge solidified by early strength composite portland cement (PC 42.5R). Gypsum, lithium salt, and ionic soil stabilizer addition significantly affected the strength of the CSA-solidified sludge.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported financially by the Science and Technology Innovation Project (Grant No. 20-163-13-ZT-007-060-01).
References
Boutouil, M., and D. Levacher. 2005. “Effect of high initial water content on cement-based sludge solidification.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 9 (4): 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2005.9.4.169.
Chen, D. C., C. H. Cheng, and Z. Y. Huang. 2015. “Influence of additives on properties of sulphoaluminate cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Railway Sci. Eng. 12 (5): 1074–1082. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7029.2015.05.014.
Deng, H. Y., X. C. Wei, S. Y. Liu, S. Li, and X. H. Cai. 2020. “Influence of different lithium compounds on hydration and mechanical properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Materials (Basel) 13 (16): 3465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163465.
Deng, Y. H., C. Zhang, and X. Wei. 2014. “Influence of lithium sulfate addition on the properties of Portland cement paste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 50 (Jan): 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.058.
Do, T. M., G. Kang, N. Vu, and Y.-S. Kim. 2018. “Development of a new cementless binder for marine dredged soil stabilization: Strength behavior, hydraulic resistance capacity, microstructural analysis, and environmental impact.” Constr. Build. Mater. 186 (Oct): 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.130.
Gan, Y. X., W. Zhu, Y. Y. Lv, and Q. Yang. 2016. “Early-strength mechanism of cementitious additives from perspective of water conversion.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 38 (4): 755–760.
Gao, G. R., and J. C. Li. 1996. “Study of effect of reinforcing soft cohesive ground with portland cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Eng. Geol. 4 (1): 45–52.
Ge, L., C.-C. Wang, C.-W. Hung, W.-C. Liao, and H. Zhao. 2018. “Assessment of strength development of slag cement stabilized kaolinite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 184 (Sep): 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.236.
Han, J. G., and P. Y. Yan. 2011. “Influence of lithium carbonate on hydration characteristics and strength development of sulphoaluminate cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 14 (1): 6–9. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2011.01.002.
Ho, T.-O., W.-B. Chen, J.-H. Yin, P.-C. Wu, and D. C. W. Tsang. 2021. “Stress-strain behaviour of cement-stabilized Hong Kong marine deposits.” Constr. Build. Mater. 274 (Mar): 122103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122103.
Jia, H. X., S. Z. Lv, J. L. Hu, Y. Gao, and X. Y. Duan. 2014. “Influence of gypsum on performance of high belite-sulphoaluminate cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 36 (1): 24–28.
Lang, L., N. Liu, and B. Chen. 2020. “Strength development of solidified dredged sludge containing humic acid with cement, lime and nano-SiO2.” Constr. Build. Mater. 230 (Mar): 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116971.
Ma, B. G., L. Han, H. N. Li, Y. C. Zhu, and Z. Tian. 2014. “Impact of mineral admixture on the performance of sulphate aluminum cement.” [In Chinese.] New Build. Mater. 41 (9): 19–21. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-702X.2014.09.005.
Ma, B. G., Y. H. Xu, and R. Z. Dong. 2006. “Influence of triethanolmine on the initial structure formation and mechanical properties of cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 9 (1): 6–9. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2006.01.002.
Ma, J., Y. Zhao, J. Wang, and L. Wang. 2010. “Effect of magnesium oxychloride cement on stabilization/solidification of sewage sludge.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (1): 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.011.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2019. Standard for geotechnical testing method. GB/T 50123-2019. Beijing: MOHURD.
MOT (Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China). 2009. Test methods of materials stabilized with inorganic binders for highway engineering. JTG E51-2009. Beijing: MOT.
Niu, M., G. Li, Y. Wang, L. Cao, L. Han, Q. Li, and Z. Song. 2019. “Immobilization of and using bentonite-sulfoaluminate cement composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 225 (Nov): 868–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.184.
Niu, M., G. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Li, L. Han, and Z. Song. 2018. “Comparative study of immobilization and mechanical properties of sulfoaluminate cement and ordinary Portland cement with different heavy metals.” Constr. Build. Mater. 193 (Dec): 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.206.
Raymond, N., and R. Vahid. 2007. “Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils.” Appl. Clay Sci. 35 (3–4): 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.12.002.
Subramanian, S., Q. Khan, and T. Ku. 2019. “Strength development and prediction of calcium sulfoaluminate treated sand with optimized gypsum for replacing OPC in ground improvement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 202 (Mar): 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.121.
Subramanian, S., S.-W. Moon, J. Moon, and T. Ku. 2018. “CSA-treated sand for ground improvement: Microstructure analysis and rapid strength development.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (12): 04018313 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002523.
Sun, X., W. Zhu, X. Qian, and Z. Xu. 2014. “Exploring cementitious additives for pretreatment of high-early-strength sewage sludge from the perspective of the rapid generation of nonevaporable water.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (5): 878–885. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000899.
Tang, D. X., Y. R. Liu, W. S. Zhang, and Q. Wang. 1999. Engineering geotechnical. Beijing: Geology Press.
Tang, Y. X., H. L. Liu, and W. Zhu. 2000. “Study on engineering properties of cement-stabilized soil.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 22 (5): 549–554. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2000.05.008.
Wang, D., S. Di, X. Gao, R. Wang, and Z. Chen. 2020a. “Strength properties and associated mechanisms of magnesium oxychloride cement-solidified urban river sludge.” Constr. Build. Mater. 250 (Jul): 118933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118933.
Wang, D., H. Wang, S. Larsson, M. Benzerzour, W. Maherzi, and M. Amar. 2020b. “Effect of basalt fiber inclusion on the mechanical properties and microstructure of cement-solidified kaolinite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 241 (Apr): 118085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118085.
Winnefeld, F., and S. Barlag. 2010. “Calorimetric and thermogravimetric study on the influence of calcium sulfate on the hydration of ye’elimite.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 101 (3): 949–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0582-6.
Winnefeld, F., and B. Lothenbach. 2010. “Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements—Experimental findings and thermodynamic modelling.” Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (8): 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.014.
Winnefeld, F., L. H. J. Martin, C. J. Müller, and B. Lothenbach. 2017. “Using gypsum to control hydration kinetics of CSA cements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (Nov): 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.217.
Wu, X. T., W. Xiang, Z. H. Wang, and M. X. Zhang. 2018. “Microscopic mechanism of solidified silt with ionic soil stabilizer.” [In Chinese.] J. Eng. Geol. 26 (5): 1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2018124.
Wu, Y., W. Shen, and P. Lu. 1988. “A study of the influence of alkalies on the hydration of sulphoaluminate cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 16 (2): 118–123.
Xu, L., X. Zhou, N. Li, and P. Wang. 2017. “Impact of calcium sulfate on hydration features of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” [In Chinese.] J. Tongji Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 45 (6): 885–890. https://doi.org/10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.2017.06.015.
Zentar, R., D. Wang, N. E. Abriak, M. Benzerzour, and W. Chen. 2012. “Utilization of siliceous–aluminous fly ash and cement for solidification of marine sediments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 35 (Oct): 856–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.024.
Zhang, H., Y. Yao, L. Liu, J. Ye, and W. Zhang. 2019a. “Study on influence of gypsum type on alkalinity of sulphoaluminate cement.” [In Chinese.] Cement 4: 6–9. https://doi.org/10.13739/j.cnki.cn11-1899/tq.2019.04.002.
Zhang, R.-J., C.-Q. Dong, Z. Lu, and H.-F. Pu. 2019b. “Strength characteristics of hydraulically dredged mud slurry treated by flocculation-solidification combined method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 228 (Dec): 116742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116742.
Zhen, G., X. Lu, X. Cheng, H. Chen, X. Yan, and Y. Zhao. 2012. “Hydration process of the aluminate -assisted Portland cement-based solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge.” Constr. Build. Mater. 30 (May): 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.049.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 7 • July 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 24, 2022
Accepted: Oct 20, 2022
Published online: Apr 17, 2023
Published in print: Jul 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Sep 17, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Xichen Zhang, Xiangwei Fang, Fenghui Hu, Chao Chen, Chunni Shen, Freeze–Thaw Cycle Characteristics of Solidified Sludge with Composite Rapid Soil Stabilizer, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16198, 35, 11, (2023).