Optimization of Energy Saving and Fuel-Cell Durability for Range-Extended Electric Vehicle
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 1
Abstract
For a fuel cell range-extended electric vehicle (FC-REEV), the fuel cell system can work at a fixed output power point, and it has high durability. However, the differences in output power and start–stop threshold can lead to a significant difference in energy loss and degradation of power sources. Based on the thermostat control strategy (TCS), the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is stabilized within a reasonable range. To obtain the lowest hydrogen consumption rate, the vehicle’s fuel economy is considered in the evaluation function. The artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization algorithm is then used to increase the driving range, and the conventional ABC-TCS (CABC-TCS) is proposed. However, the CABC-TCS leads to many start–stop times for fuel cells. To enhance the durability of the fuel cells, a penalty factor was added to the evaluation function, and a novel optimized ABC-TCS (OABC-TCS) is proposed. Different strategies were tested under federal test procedure (FTP)-72 and worldwide light-duty test procedure (WLTC) driving cycles. The results show that, compared with TCS, the optimized driving range of OABC-TCS in FTP-72 and WLTC conditions increased almost 10.59% and 10.3%. Compared with CABC-TCS, the start–stop times of OABC-TCS in FTP-72 and WLTC conditions decreased by 27.55 and , respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (Figs. 3–14).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province, Project No. BE2018343-1.
References
Álvarez Fernández, R., S. Corbera Caraballo, F. Beltrán Cilleruelo, and J. A. Lozano. 2018. “Fuel optimization strategy for hydrogen fuel cell range extender vehicles applying genetic algorithms.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 81 (Jan): 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.047.
Bin Wan Ramli, W. R., A. Pesyridis, D. Gohil, and F. Alshammari. 2020. “Organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery for passenger hybrid electric vehicles.” Energies 13 (17): 4532. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174532.
Bizon, N., and P. Thounthong. 2018. “Fuel economy using the global optimization of the fuel cell hybrid power systems.” Energy Convers. Manage. 173 (Aug): 665–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.015.
Borup, R. L., A. Kusoglu, K. C. Neyerlin, R. Mukundan, R. K. Ahluwalia, D. A. Cullen, K. L. More, A. Z. Weber, and D. J. Myers. 2020. “Recent developments in catalyst-related PEM fuel cell durability.” Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 21 (Jun): 192–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.02.007.
Gharibeh, H. F., A. S. Yazdankhah, and M. R. Azizian. 2020. “Energy management of fuel cell electric vehicles based on working condition identification of energy storage systems, vehicle driving performance, and dynamic power factor.” J. Storage Mater. 31 (Oct): 101760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101760.
He, H., X. Wang, J. Chen, and Y. X. Wang. 2020. “Regenerative fuel cell-battery-supercapacitor hybrid power system modeling and improved rule-based energy management for vehicle application.” J. Energy Eng. 146 (6): 04020060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000708.
Hu, X., J. Han, X. Tang, and X. Lin. 2021. “Powertrain design and control in electrified vehicles: A critical review.” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 7 (3): 1990–2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2021.3056432.
Li, D., B. Xu, J. Tian, and Z. Ma. 2020. “Energy management strategy for fuel cell and battery hybrid vehicle based on fuzzy logic.” Processes 8 (8): 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080882.
Li, H., A. Ravey, A. N’Diaye, and A. Djerdir. 2018. “A novel equivalent consumption minimization strategy for hybrid electric vehicle powered by fuel cell, battery and supercapacitor.” J. Power Sources 395 (Aug): 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.078.
Li, W., G. Feng, and S. Jia. 2022. “An energy management strategy and parameter optimization of fuel cell electric vehicles.” World Electr. Veh. J. 13 (1): 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010021.
Liu, Y., J. Li, Z. Chen, D. Qin, and Y. Zhang. 2019. “Research on a multi-objective hierarchical prediction energy management strategy for range extended fuel cell vehicles.” J. Power Sources 429 (Jul): 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.118.
Liu, Y., J. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Wu, Z. Chen, and M. Ye. 2020. “Rule learning based energy management strategy of fuel cell hybrid vehicles considering multi-objective optimization.” Energy 207 (Sep): 118212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118212.
Ouddah, N., L. Adouane, and R. Abdrakhmanov. 2018. “From offline to adaptive online energy management strategy of hybrid vehicle using Pontryagin’s minimum principle.” Int. J. Automot. Technol. 19 (3): 571–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0054-8.
Qi, C., Y. Zhu, C. Song, G. Yan, F. Xiao, D. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Cao, and S. Song. 2022. “Hierarchical reinforcement learning based energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle.” Energy 238 (Feb): 121703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121703.
Shi, J., B. Xu, X. Zhou, and J. Hou. 2022. “A cloud-based energy management strategy for hybrid electric city bus considering real-time passenger load prediction.” J. Storage Mater. 45 (4): 103749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103749.
Song, K., H. Chen, P. Wen, T. Zhang, B. Zhang, and T. Zhang. 2018. “A comprehensive evaluation framework to evaluate energy management strategies of fuel cell electric vehicles.” Electrochim. Acta 292 (4): 960–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.166.
Sun, Y., C. Xia, B. Yin, H. Gao, J. Han, and J. Liu. 2022a. “Energy management strategy for FCEV considering degradation of fuel cell.” Int. J. Green Energy 2022 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.2023546.
Sun, Y., C. Xia, B. Yin, J. Han, and J. Liu. 2022b. “Quadratic utility function-based energy management strategy for electric vehicle considering degradation of fuel cells and batteries.” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D: J. Autom. Eng. 2022 (Feb): 09544070221080351. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070221080351.
Sun, Z., Y. Wang, Z. Chen, and X. Li. 2020. “Min-max game based energy management strategy for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid electric vehicles.” Appl. Energy 267 (4): 115086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115086.
Tanç, B., H. T. Arat, Ç. Conker, E. Baltacioğlu, and K. Aydin. 2020. “Energy distribution analyses of an additional traction battery on hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle.” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45 (49): 26344–26356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.241.
Xu, X., J. Hao, and Y. Zheng. 2020. “Multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm for multi-stage resource leveling problem in sharing logistics network.” Comput. Ind. Eng. 142 (20): 106338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106338.
Yavasoglu, H. A., Y. E. Tetik, and H. G. Ozcan. 2020. “Neural network-based energy management of multi-source (battery/UC/FC) powered electric vehicle.” Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (15): 12416–12429. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5429.
Zhang, H., X. Li, X. Liu, and J. Yan. 2019. “Enhancing fuel cell durability for fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through strategic power management.” Appl. Energy 241 (May): 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.040.
Zhang, T., P. Wang, H. Chen, and P. Pei. 2018. “A review of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell degradation under start-stop operating condition.” Appl. Energy 223 (Aug): 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.049.
Zhang, Y., X. Yuan, L. Duan, L. Jiang, Y. Xu, F. Lan, and Y. Lin. 2021. “Energy flow of a plug-in electric vehicle under the new European driving cycle.” J. Energy Eng. 147 (6): 04021049. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000782.
Zhou, Y., H. Li, A. Ravey, and M.-C. Péra. 2020. “An integrated predictive energy management for light-duty range-extended plug-in fuel cell electric vehicle.” J. Power Sources 451 (Mar): 227780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227780.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 1 • February 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 16, 2022
Accepted: Oct 1, 2022
Published online: Nov 26, 2022
Published in print: Feb 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Apr 26, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.