Improving Rice Production Sustainability by Planting Salinity-Tolerant Rice Cultivars and Reusing Agricultural Drainage Water
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 4
Abstract
The main producers of agricultural drainage water in Khuzestan province in Iran are the sugarcane agro-industries. As a result of the accumulation of drainage water in the region, environmental and social problems have arisen. In general, the salinity of this drainage water averages throughout the year. The cultivation of salinity-resistant varieties of paddy rice can be considered as a suitable substrate for the optimal use of drainage water. In this regard, a study was conducted in one of the sugarcane fields in southern Khuzestan based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was three intermittent irrigation regimes using drainage water of sugarcane fields, which included daily irrigation (I0), one-day irrigation interval (I1) and two-day irrigation interval (I2). In addition, the subplots included three salinity-resistant rice lines (, , and ), four drought-resistant rice lines (, , , and ), a control cultivar “Hashemi” and a local cultivar “Hoveyzeh.” The results showed that with a significant reduction in applied water from the I0 to I1 and I2, the yield in I1 increased by 6% over I0, but the yield in I2 decreased by 30%. The highest and lowest water productivity were related to I2 and I0 at the rates of 0.13 and , respectively. In I1 irrigation regime, the local cultivar Hoveyzeh produced a yield of , while the salinity-resistant lines and produced acceptable yields of 2,385 and , respectively. According to the findings from monitoring the soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), farm soils in both irrigation regimes I0 and I1 were nonsodic and saline. In I2, however, the soil profile status approached the sodic state as a result of the drying of the topsoil and the influx of salinity into the surface layer, resulting in a 17% increase in ESP. Consequently, when using agricultural drainage water for irrigation, leaching at the end of the growing season and drainage are necessary to remove salts. Based on the findings of this article, it is possible to maintain stability in rice production for a wide range of regions around the world with warm climates by reusing agricultural drainage water.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data and models that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research has been conducted using the research project fund of Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (IAERI) with Grant No. of 34-46-1404-083-971351. The authors would like to thank the mentioned institute for their kind assistance and funding support.
References
Abdallah, A., A. Alzoheiry, and K. Burkey. 2018. “Comparison of flooded and furrow-irrigated transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.): Farm-level perspectives.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 144 (9): 04018022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001337.
Allen, R. G., L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56. Rome, Italy: FAO.
Amin, M. T., S. H. Mahmoud, and A. A. Alazba. 2016. “Observations, projections and impacts of climate change on water resources in Arabian Peninsula: Current and future scenarios.” Environ. Earth Sci. 75 (May): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5684-4.
Asch, F., and M. C. S. Wopereis. 2001. “Responses of field-grown irrigated rice cultivars to varying levels of floodwater salinity in a semi-arid environment.” Field Crops Res. 70 (2): 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00128-9.
Ayers, R. S., and D. W. Westcot. 1994. Water quality for agriculture. FAO irrigation and drainage paper No. 29. Rome, Italy: FAO.
Deng, Y., C. Men, S. Qiao, W. Wang, J. Gu, L. Liu, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, Z. Wang, and J. Yang. 2020. “Tolerance to low phosphorus in rice varieties is conferred by regulation of root growth.” Crop J. 8 (4): 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2020.01.002.
Dossou-Yovo, E. R., K. P. Devkota, K. Akpoti, A. Danvi, C. Duku, and S. J. Zwart. 2022. “Thirty years of water management research for rice in sub-Saharan Africa: Achievement and perspectives.” Field Crops Res. 283 (Jul): 108548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108548.
Embate, M. V. G., M. I. C. Calayugan, R. P. Gentallan, P. C. Sta-Cruz, J. E. Hernandez, and T. H. Borromeo. 2021. “Genetic diversity of selected pigmented traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties from Mindanao, Philippines using agro-morphological traits and simple sequence repeats marker.” J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol. 24 (3): 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-020-00075-0.
FAO. 2017. Drought characteristics and management in Central Asia and Turkey. Rome: FAO.
Fawibe, O. O., M. Hiramatsu, Y. Taguchi, J. Wang, and A. Isoda. 2020. “Grain yield, water-use efficiency, and physiological characteristics of rice cultivars under drip irrigation with plastic-film-mulch.” J. Crop Improv. 34 (3): 414–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2020.1725701.
Fraga, T. I., F. C. Carmona, I. Anghinoni, S. A. G. Julior, and E. Marcolin. 2010. “Flooded rice yield as affected by levels of water salinity in different stages of its cycle.” Rev. Bras. de Ciência do Solo 34 (1): 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832010000100018.
Freire, M. H. C., G. G. Sousa, M. V. P. Souza, E. D. R. Ceita, J. N. Fiusa, and K. N. Leite. 2018. “Emergence and biomass accumulation in seedlings of rice cultivars irrigated with saline water.” Rev. Bras. Eng. Agric. Ambient. 22 (7): 471–475. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n7p471-475.
Gilani, A. A., and S. Absalan. 2015. Comparison of drying method with common methods of planting rice varieties in terms of water consumption. Final report of the research project. Tehran, Iran: Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center.
Gilani, A. A., and S. Jalali. 2013. Evaluation of different saline Water regimes in rice salinity tolerant cultivars in Khuzestan. Final report of the research project. Tehran, Iran: Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center.
Hameed, M., A. Ahmadalipour, and H. Moradkhani. 2020. “Drought and food security in the Middle East: An analytical framework.” Agric. For. Meteorol. 281 (Feb): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107816.
Hanson, B., S. R. Grattan, and A. Fulton. 2006. Agricultural salinity and drainage, 150–159. Davis, CA: Univ. of California Irrigation Program, Univ. of California.
Homayi, M. 2015. An overview of the use and management of agricultural drainage. Rep. No. 432A. Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Energy, Deputy for Water and Wastewater.
Ibrahim, A., K. Saito, V. B. Bado, and M. C. S. Wopereis. 2021. “Thirty years of agronomy research for development in irrigated rice-based cropping systems in the West African Sahel: Achievements and perspectives.” Field Crops Res. 266 (Jun): 108149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108149.
Innes, P., R. D. Blackwell, R. B. Austin, and M. A. Ford. 1981. “The effects for selection for number of ears on the yield and water economy of winter wheat.” J. Agric. Sci. 97 (3): 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600036844.
Maneepitak, S., H. Ullah, K. Paothong, B. Kachenchart, A. Datta, and R. P. Shrestha. 2019. “Effect of water and rice straw management practices on yield and water productivity of irrigated lowland rice in the Central Plain of Thailand.” Agric. Water Manage. 211 (Jan): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.041.
Mohanty, B. 2021. “Promoter architecture and transcriptional regulation of genes up-regulated in germination and coleoptile elongation of diverse rice genotypes tolerant to submergence.” Front. Genet. 12 (Mar): 639654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.639654.
Mutasher, A., R. J. Al-Saadi, and F. Al-Mohammad. 2021. “Assessment and management of drainage water quality for reuse in irrigation projects.” Smart Sci. 9 (2): 80–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2021.1898795.
Okamura, M., et al. 2018. “Characterization of high-yielding rice cultivars with different grain-filling properties to clarify limiting factors for improving grain yield.” Field Crops Res. 219 (Apr): 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.01.035.
Phogat, V., D. Mallants, J. W. Cox, J. Simunek, D. P. Oliver, and J. Awad. 2020. “Management of soil salinity associated with irrigation of protected crops.” Agric. Water Manage. 227 (Jan): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105845.
Rhoades, J. D. 1974. “Drainage for salinity control.” In Drainage for agriculture. Agron. Monogr. 17, edited by J. van Schilfgaarde. Madison, WI: ASA.
Richards, L., L. Allison, C. Bernstein, J. Bower, M. Brown, J. Fireman, and W. Richards. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline alkali soils. Washington, DC: United States Salinity Laboratory Staff, Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
Scanlon, B. R., B. L. Ruddell, P. M. Reed, R. I. Hook, C. Zheng, V. C. Tidwell, and S. Siebert. 2017. “The food-energy-water nexus: Transforming science for society.” Water Resour. Res. 53 (5): 3550–3556. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020889.
Tanji, K. K., and N. C. Kielen. 2002. Agricultural drainage water management in arid and semi-arid areas. Rome: FAO.
Ullah, U., and A. Datta. 2018. “Effect of water-saving technologies on growth, yield, and water-saving potential of lowland rice.” Int. J. Technol. 9 (7): 1375–1383. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v9i7.1666.
Xu, F., L. Zhang, X. Zhou, X. Guo, Y. Zhu, M. Liu, H. Xiong, and P. Jiang. 2021. “The ratoon rice system with high yield and high efficiency in China: Progress, trend of theory and technology.” Field Crops Res. 272 (Oct): 108282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108282.
Xu, J., A. Henry, and N. Sreenivasulu. 2020. “Rice yield formation under high day and night temperatures-A prerequisite to ensure future food security.” Plant Cell Environ. 43 (7): 1595–1608. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13748.
Yang, J. C., and J. H. Zhang. 2010. “Grain-filling problem in ‘super’ rice.” J. Exp. Bot. 61 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp348.
Yoshinaga, S., T. Takai, Y. Arai-Sanoh, T. Ishimaru, and M. Kondo. 2013. “Varietal differences in sink production and grain-filling ability in recently developed high-yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in Japan.” Field Crops Res. 150 (Aug): 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.004.
Zeng, L., S. M. Lesch, and C. M. Grieve. 2003. “Rice growth and yield respond to changes in water depth and salinity stress.” Agric. Water Manage. 59 (1): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00088-4.
Zeng, L., M. C. Shannon, and C. M. Grieve. 2002. “Evaluation of salt tolerance in rice genotypes by multiple agronomic parameters.” Euphytica 127 (2): 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020262932277.
Zhang, C., X. Li, Y. Kang, and M. A. S. Wahba. 2021. “Leaching efficiency and plant growth response in an integrated use of saline water for coastal saline soil reclamation.” Land Degrad. Dev. 32 (16): 4595–4608. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4058.
Zhen, B., X. Guo, X. Zhou, H. Lu, and Z. Wang. 2019. “Effect of the alternating stresses of drought and waterlogging on the growth, chlorophyll content, and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.).” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 145 (5): 04019004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001378.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 4 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 23, 2022
Accepted: Dec 16, 2022
Published online: Feb 6, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 6, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.