RSM-Based Electrochemical Treatment for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Bisphenol A
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 28, Issue 1
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), has wide applications in different chemical industries and is a hazardous pollutant. This study elaborates on BPA removal from synthetic effluent that uses an electrocoagulation process (ECP) with aluminum (Al) electrodes. Box–Behnken Design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experimental matrixes to evaluate BPA removal efficiency. To optimize the removal of BPA during the ECP, the effect of major operating parameters, such as current density (15–30 mA/cm2) and time (30–60 min) with the initial concentration (2–10 mg/L), were studied. A quadratic model with a high regression value (R2) was obtained between the experimental and predicted values. In addition, a high Fisher distribution (F-value) of 114.79 and p-value of <0.0001 validated the reliability and adequacy of the developed regression model. Furthermore, response surface analysis exhibited a significant mutual effect of concentration and current density on BPA removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency of 94.75% was achieved at 2 mg/L BPA current density of 30 mA/cm2, and a reaction time of 45 min. Under these optimum conditions, the operating cost (OC) was $1.74/m3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of the sludge generated after ECP exhibited strong peaks for hydroxyl (–OH) and phenol functional groups, which indicated the generation of aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 and adsorption of BPA in the sludge. This study inferred that BPA removal could be accomplished efficiently using an ecofriendly ECP technique, which, if explored further, could be used for treatment on industrial platforms.
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Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and codes generated or used during this study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), Dwarka and Material Research Centre, Jaipur, for providing the necessary analytical support to carry out the research in the concerned area. The authors are grateful for the financial support (FRGS/2022-23/31) provided by GGSIPU, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- b
- Temkin constant (J/mol);
- BD
- Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm constant (mol2/kJ2);
- Ce
- equilibrium concentration (mg/L);
- E
- free energy (kJ/mol);
- k1
- first-order rate constant (1/min);
- k2
- second-order rate constant (mg/g min);
- KF
- Freundlich coefficient (mg/g);
- KID
- rate constant for intraparticle diffusion model (mg/g min1/2);
- KL
- Langmuir adsorption constant (L/mg);
- KLD
- rate constant for liquid–film diffusion model (1/min);
- KT
- equilibrium binding constant (L/g);
- n
- the degree of heterogeneity (L/mg);
- q(R–D)
- the theoretical saturation capacity (mg/g);
- q1(cal)
- equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g) from first-order kinetics;
- q2(cal)
- equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g) from second-order kinetics;
- qe(exp)
- equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g);
- qm
- monolayer adsorption capacity (mg/g);
- R
- ideal gas constant (8.314 J/K mol);
- RL
- Langmuir separation factor;
- T
- temperature in K;
- Yexp (%)
- experimental BPA removal efficiency (%);
- Ypre (%)
- predicted BPA removal efficiency (%);
- α
- rate of chemisorption at zero coverage or the initial adsorption rate (mg/g min);
- β
- desorption constant related to the extent of surface coverage and the activation energy of chemisorption (g/mg min); and
- Polanyi potential.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 28 • Issue 1 • January 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 23, 2023
Accepted: Jul 13, 2023
Published online: Aug 30, 2023
Published in print: Jan 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jan 30, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Aluminum (chemical)
- Analysis (by type)
- Business management
- Chemical compounds
- Chemical elements
- Chemical processes
- Chemical treatment
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Coagulation
- Cooling (wastewater treatment)
- Density currents
- Engineering fundamentals
- Environmental engineering
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid mechanics
- Health hazards
- Heavy metals
- Hydrologic engineering
- Industries
- Organizations
- Pollutants
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Regression analysis
- Sludge
- Statistical analysis (by type)
- Waste management
- Waste treatment
- Wastes
- Water and water resources
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