Effect of Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Pressures on the Stability of Landfill Veneer Covers with an Internal Seeper

Acknowledgments

Notation

A_Act, A_Pass

area of active and passive wedges (m²);

A_f, A_af

area of failure and mass above the failure blocks (m²);

B_f, B_af

failure and mass above the failure blocks;

c

cohesion of the veneer cover soil (kPa);

c₀

interface cohesion of the veneer cover soil (kPa);

E_A, E_P

interwedge forces (kN/m);

F_JR, F_PJ

normal forces from the soil acting on the sliding plane (kN/m);

$F_{\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}},F_{{\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}\mathrm{J}},F_{\mathrm{IJ}}$

normal forces from the soil acting on the faces of the failure block (kN/m);

FS_ds

factor of safety against direct sliding failure (dimensionless);

FS_uf

factor of safety against uplifted floating failure (dimensionless);

h

thickness of the cover soil slope (m);

h_w

vertical height of accumulated water in the drainage layer (m);

H

height of the landfill (m);

k_h, k_v

horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration coefficients (dimensionless);

I_r

immersion ratio (dimensionless);

l_PJ, l_JR

lengths of the faces of the sliding plane (m);

l_PI

length of the uplifted block (m);

L

length of the cover soil slope (m);

N₁, N₂

number of sections divided for ψ_max and Ω_max;

S_PJ, S_JR

resisting forces against sliding failure acting on the sliding plane (kN/m);

$S_{\mathrm{IJ}},S_{P{P}^{\mathrm{\prime }}}$

shear resisting forces acting on the faces of the failure block (kN/m);

$U_{\mathrm{JR}}^x,U_{\mathrm{PJ}}^x$

hydrostatic forces acting on the sliding plane for the case number x (kN/m);

$U_{\mathrm{JRdyn}}^x,U_{\mathrm{PJdyn}}^x$

hydrodynamic forces acting on the sliding plane for the case number x (kN/m);

$U_{\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}}^z,U_{{\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}\mathrm{J}}^z,U_{\mathrm{IJ}}^z$

hydrostatic forces acting on the faces of the failure block for the case number z (kN/m);

$U_{\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}\mathrm{dyn}}^z,U_{{\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}\mathrm{Jdyn}}^z,U_{\mathrm{IJdyn}}^z$

hydrodynamic forces acting on the faces of the failure block for the case number z (kN/m);

W_Act, W_Pass

weight of active and passive wedges (kN/m);

W_f, W_af

weight of failure and mass above the failure blocks (kN/m);

γ_sat

unit weight of the veneer cover soil under a saturated state (kN/m³);

δ

interface friction angle between the drainage layer and the cover soil layer above the drainage layer (°);

ϕ

angle of the internal friction of the veneer cover soil (°);

θ

slope angle of the veneer cover soil (°);

ψ

angle of the sliding plane “PJ” (°);

ψ_max

maximum possible angle of the sliding plane “PJ” (°);

ψ_cri

critical angle of the sliding plane “PJ” (°);

Ω

failure ratio (dimensionless);

Ω_max

maximum possible failure ratio (dimensionless); and

Ω_n

value of Ω at the nth section of Ω_max (dimensionless);.

References