Discussion of “A New -Based Liquefaction-Triggering Procedure for Gravelly Soils”
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 7
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Professor Yan-Guo Zhou of Zhejiang University for providing 23 sets of grain size distributions for the observations reported by Zhou et al. (2020), Professor Yang Xiao of Chongqing University for sharing pertinent publications and dissertations otherwise difficult to obtain, and Mr. Hao Wang of Oregon State University for translating Chinese documents.
References
Abdoun, T., M. A. Gonzalez, S. Thevanayagam, R. Dobry, A. Elgamal, M. Zeghal, V. M. Mercado, and U. El Shamy. 2013. “Centrifuge and large-scale modeling of seismic pore pressures in sands: Cyclic strain interpretation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8): 1215–1234. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000821.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2014. CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures. Davis, CA: Univ. of California.
Cao, Z. 2010. “Characteristics of soil liquefaction in the great Wenchuan earthquake and procedures for gravelly soil liquefaction evaluation.” Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration.
Cao, Z., T. L. Youd, and X. Yuan. 2011. “Gravelly soils that liquefied during 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake, Ms=8.0.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (8): 1132–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.04.001.
Cao, Z., T. L. Youd, and X. Yuan. 2013. “Chinese dynamic penetration test for liquefaction evaluation in gravelly soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8): 1320–1333. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000857.
Cubrinovski, M., J. D. Bray, C. De La Torre, M. J. Olsen, B. A. Bradley, G. Chiaro, E. Stocks, and L. Wotherspoon. 2017. “Liquefaction effects and associated damages observed at the Wellington CentrePort from the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 50 (2): 152–173. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.2.152-173.
Cubrinovski, M., A. Rhodes, N. Ntritsos, and S. Van Ballegooy. 2019. “System response of liquefiable deposits.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 124 (Sep): 212–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.05.013.
Dobry, R., and T. Abdoun. 2011. “An investigation into why liquefaction charts work: A necessary step toward integrating the states of art and practice.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 13–44. Santiago, Chile: Chilean Geotechnical Society.
Dobry, R., and T. Abdoun. 2015. “Cyclic shear strain needed for liquefaction triggering and assessment of overburden pressure factor Kσ.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (11): 04015047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001342.
Dobry, R., R. S. Ladd, F. Y. Yokel, R. M. Chung, and D. Powell. 1982. Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method, 138. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards.
Fioravante, V., D. Giretti, M. Jamiolkowski, and G. Rocchi. 2012. “Triaxial tests on undisturbed gravelly soils from the Sicilian shore of the Messina Strait.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 10 (6): 1717–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9374-7.
Flora, A., and S. Lirer. 2013. “Small strain shear modulus of undisturbed gravelly soils during undrained cyclic triaxial tests.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 31 (4): 1107–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9636-4.
Hardin, B. O., and F. E. Richart Jr. 1963. “Elastic wave velocities in granular soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 89 (1): 33–65. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000493.
Hatanaka, M., Y. Suzuki, T. Kawasaki, and M. Endo. 1988. “Cyclic undrained shear properties of high quality undisturbed Tokyo gravel.” Soils Found. 28 (4): 57–68. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.4_57.
Hatanaka, M., A. Uchida, and Y. Suzuki. 1997. “Correlation between undrained cyclic shear strength and shear wave velocity for gravelly soils.” Soils Found. 37 (4): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.37.4_85.
Jana, A., A. Dadashiserej, B. Zhang, A. W. Stuedlein, T. M. Evans, K. H. Stokoe II, and B. R. Cox. 2023. “Multidirectional vibroseis shaking and controlled blasting to determine the dynamic in situ response of a low-plasticity silt deposit.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 149 (3): 04023006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002924.
Jana, A., and A. W. Stuedlein. 2021. “Dynamic in situ nonlinear inelastic response of a deep medium dense sand deposit.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 147 (6): 04021039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002523.
Jana, A., and A. W. Stuedlein. 2022. “Dynamic, in situ, nonlinear-inelastic response and post-cyclic strength of a plastic silt deposit.” Can. Geotech. J. 59 (1): 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2020-0652.
Kayen, R., R. E. S. Moss, E. M. Thompson, R. B. Seed, K. O. Cetin, A. D. Kiureghian, Y. Tanaka, and K. Tokimatsu. 2013. “Shear-wave velocity–based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (3): 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000743.
McCulloch, D. S., and M. G. Bonilla. 1970. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska railroad. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Menq, F. Y. 2003. “Dynamic properties of sandy and gravelly soils.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas.
Parsons, T., E. L. Geist, H. F. Ryan, H. J. Lee, P. J. Haeussler, P. Lynett, P. E. Hart, R. Sliter, and E. Roland. 2014. “Source and progression of a submarine landslide and tsunami: The 1964 Great Alaska earthquake at Valdez.” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 119 (11): 8502–8516. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011514.
Pires-Sturm, A. P., and J. T. DeJong. 2022. “Influence of particle size and gradation on liquefaction potential and dynamic response.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 148 (6): 04022045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002799.
Rollins, K. M., M. Singh, and J. Roy. 2020. “Simplified equations for shear-modulus degradation and damping of gravels.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (9): 04020076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002300.
Roy, J., K. M. Rollins, A. Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, M. Harper, N. Linton, M. Basham, W. Greenwood, and D. Zekkos. 2022. “Gravel liquefaction assessment using dynamic cone penetration and shear wave velocity tests based on field performance from the 1964 Alaska earthquake.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 160 (Sep): 107357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107357.
Seed, H. B., I. M. Idriss, and I. Arango. 1983. “Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (3): 458–482. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(458).
Stuedlein, A. W., A. Jana, A. Dadashiserej, and X. Yang. 2023. “On the in situ cyclic resistance of natural sand and silt deposits.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 149 (4): 04023015. https://doi.org/10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-10784.
Yasuda, N., N. Ohta, and M. Takahashi. 1997. “Dynamic strength properties of undisturbed riverbed gravel.” Can. Geotech. J. 34 (5): 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-033.
Youd, T. L. 1973. “Factors controlling maximum and minimum densities of sands.” In Evaluation of relative density and its role in geotechnical projects involving cohesionless soils, 98–112. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Youd, T. L., and I. M. Idriss. 2001. “Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and the 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on the evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (4): 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:4(297).
Zhou, Y. G., P. Xia, D. S. Ling, and Y. M. Chen. 2020. “Liquefaction case studies of gravelly soils during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.” Eng. Geol. 274 (Sep): 105691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105691.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 7 • July 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 5, 2022
Accepted: Oct 7, 2022
Published online: May 10, 2023
Published in print: Jul 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 10, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.