True Liquefaction Triggering Curve
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 3
Abstract
Current simplified models for predicting liquefaction triggering and manifestation do not account for the mechanisms of liquefaction triggering and surface manifestation in a consistent and sufficient manner. Specifically, an artifact of the way simplified triggering curves have traditionally been developed is that they inherently include some factors that influence surface manifestations, particularly for medium-dense to dense soils. As a result, using the simplified triggering curves in conjunction with the manifestation models results in the double-counting, omission, or general obscuration of distinct factors that influence triggering and manifestation. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to develop a framework for deriving a true simplified liquefaction triggering model consistent with a defined manifestation model, such that factors influential to triggering and manifestation are handled more rationally and consistently. Operating in conjunction with the manifestation model, the performance of the true triggering curve is compared with an existing, popular triggering curve using a set of 50 global case histories; the results are favorable for the proposed framework. Furthermore, the ability of the true liquefaction model to be used in conjunction with manifestation models that account for complex free-field soil profile stratigraphies or developed sites is a significant advantage over traditionally developed triggering models.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this paper are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The CE case history data studied herein are available in digital format from Geyin et al. (2021).
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants CMMI-1751216, CMMI-1825189, and CMMI-1937984, as well as Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Grant 1132-NCTRBM and US Geological Survey (USGS) Award G18AP-00006. This support is gratefully acknowledged, as well as access to the NZGD. The authors also appreciate the comments by the anonymous reviewers, which resulted in improvements in the paper. However, any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF, PEER, USGS, NZGD, or the anonymous reviewers.
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Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 3 • March 2023
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© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jun 22, 2022
Accepted: Oct 25, 2022
Published online: Jan 12, 2023
Published in print: Mar 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 12, 2023
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