Abstract
Existing approaches for the estimation of shaft and base resistances of drilled, cast-in-place piles have been compared on the basis of data collected from local geotechnical consultants, from load tests performed as part of foundation projects in Israel over the last decades. Three typical Israeli foundation soils were considered—clay, sand, and kurkar (partially and variably cemented sand). Data from 18 load tests at 13 sites were used for the study. Existing correlations were first used to estimate relevant soil properties from results of in-situ tests [usually standard penetration tests (SPT) or vane shear tests] performed during the project site investigations. These properties were then inserted in existing resistance estimation expressions. The resulting estimated resistances were compared to resistances indicated in the loading tests. A statistical analysis was used to choose the most reliable correlations and resistance estimation expressions for piles embedded in the various soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code used during the study were provided by third parties. Direct request for these materials may be made to the providers as indicated in the Acknowledgments.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Israel Ministry of Construction. We are grateful to the following geotechnical consulting companies for providing pile load test data which was used for the study: G.Y.A. Soil and Foundation Engineering; Blank-Lerer Engineers; Mike Doktofsky Geotechnical Engineering; David David Foundation Engineering; E. Erez Consulting Engineers; Dabush Civil Engineering; Samuel Gefen Soil Engineering; Amir Geotechnical Engineering; and M. Yuger Soil and Foundation Consultants.
References
Alpan, I. 1964. “Estimating the settlements of foundations on sands.” Civ. Eng. Public Works Rev. 59 (700): 1415–1418.
Brown, D. 2007. “Construction of large drilled shafts.” DFI J. 2 (1): 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1179/dfi.2008.001.
Coleman, D. M., and B. J. Arcement. 2002. “Evaluation of design methods for auger cast piles in mixed soil conditions.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Deep Foundations 2002: An Int. Perspective on Theory, Design, Construction, and Performance, 1404–1420. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Davisson, M. T. 1972. “High capacity piles.” In Proc., Lecture Series on Innovations in Foundation Construction, 81–112. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Decourt, L. 1989. “The standard penetration test.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 13–18. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A.A. Balkema.
FHWA. 2018. Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and design methods. Publication FHWA-NHI 18-024. Washington, DC: FHWA.
Frydman, S. 1982. “Calcareous sands of the Israeli coastal plain.” In Geotechnical Properties, Behavior, and Performance of Calcareous Soils. ASTM Special Technical Publication 777, edited by K. R. Demars, 226–251. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Frydman, S. 2000. “Shear strength of Israeli soils.” Isr. J. Earth-Sci. 49 (2): 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1560/45MG-XCEX-P963-VANL.
Frydman, S. 2011. “Characterizing the geotechnical properties of natural, Israeli, partially cemented sands.” Geomech. Eng. 3 (4): 323–337. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2011.3.4.323.
Gibbs, H. J., and W. G. Holtz. 1957. “Research on determining the density of sands by spoon penetration testing.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 35–39. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Hatanaka, M., and A. Uchida. 1996. “Empirical correlation between penetration resistance and internal friction angle of sandy soils.” Soils Found. 36 (4): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_1.
Japan Road Association. 1990. Specifications for highway bridges. Part V earthquake-resistant design. [In Japanese.] Tokyo: Japan Road Association.
Kulhawy, F. D. 2009. “Interpreted failure load for drilled shafts via Davisson and L1-L2.” In Contemporary topics in deep foundations, 127–134. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kulhawy, F. H. 1991. “Drilled shaft foundations.” In Foundation engineering handbook, 2nd ed. Edited by H. Y. Fang. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Loehr, J. E., J. J. Bowders, L. Ge, W. J. Likos, R. Luna, N. Maerz, and R. W. Stephenson. 2011. Engineering policy guidelines for design of drilled shafts. Missouri DOT. Rolla, MO: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Marcuson, W. F., and W. A. Bieganousky. 1977. “SPT and relative density in coarse sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 103 (11): 1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000521.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1959. “Compaction of sands and bearing capacity of piles.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 126 (1): 1292–1322. https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0008099.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1976. “Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 102 (3): 195–228. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000243.
Neely, W. J. 1991. “Bearing capacity of auger-cast piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 117 (2): 331–345.
O’Neill, M. W., and L. C. Reese. 1999. Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and design methods. McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration.
Reese, L. C., and M. W. O’Neill. 1988. Drilled shafts: Construction and design. McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration.
Rollins, K. M., R. J. Clayton, R. C. Mikesell, and B. C. Blaise. 2005. “Drilled shaft side friction in gravelly soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (8): 987–1003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:8(987).
Salgado, R. 2010. “The axial resistance of nondisplacement piles.” In The art of foundation engineering practice, 584–604. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Shultze, E., and E. Menzenbach. 1961. “Standard penetration test and compressibility of soils.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Soils Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 527–531. Paris: Dunod.
Stroud, M. A. 1974. “The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and soft rocks.” In Proc., 1st European Symp. on Penetration Testing, 367–375. Stockholm, Sweden: National Swedish Building Research.
Stuedlein, A. W., W. J. Neely, and T. M. Gurtowski. 2012. “Reliability-based design of augered cast-in-place piles in granular soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (6): 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000635.
Stuedlein, A. W., S. C. Reddy, and T. M. Evans. 2014. “Interpretation of augered cast in place pile capacity using static loading tests.” DFI J. 8 (1): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1179/1937525514Y.0000000003.
Teixeira, A. H. 1996. “Projeto e execução de fundações.” In III Seminário de Engenharia de Fundações Especiais e Geotecnia, 33–50. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas.
Terzaghi, K., and R. B. Peck. 1948. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. New York: Wiley.
Touma, F. T., and L. C. Reese. 1974. “Behavior of bored piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 100 (7): 749–761. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000065.
White, F., P. Ingram, D. Nicholson, M. Stroud, M. Betru. 2019. “An update of the SPT-cu relationship proposed by M. Stroud in 1974.” In Proc., XVII European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Reykjavik, Iceland: Icelandic Geotechnical Society.
Yoshida, Y., M. Ikemi, and T. Kokusho. 1988. “Empirical formulas of SPT blow-counts for gravelly soils.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Penetration Testing; ISOPT-1, 381–387. McLean, VA: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Zelada, G. A., and R. W. Stephenson. 2000. “Design methods for auger CIP piles in compression.” In New technological and design developments in deep foundations, 418–432. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 4 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 25, 2022
Accepted: Oct 31, 2022
Published online: Jan 17, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 17, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.