Influence of Intermediate Principal Stress on Shear Strength of Natural Granite Residual Soil
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 5
Abstract
As a result of weathering, the mechanical behavior of granite residual soil differs from that of sedimentary soil. Although the mechanical properties of granite residual soil have been studied extensively, its strength anisotropy is yet to be established. Previous work has revealed the association between the principal stress direction and soil shear strength, but little is known about how the intermediate principal stress affects the soil strength. This paper presents the shear-strength parameters under various combinations of and the intermediate principal stress factor as obtained through undrained hollow-cylinder torsional shear tests performed on samples of natural granite residual soil. The test results confirmed the considerable effect of on the shear strength and highlighted the differences between the soil studied here and those studied previously. It was found that affects the undrained strength and mobilized frictional angle (or ultimate stress ratio) differently, with increasing leading to lower undrained strength but higher frictional angle. In addition, the degrees to which affects undrained strength and frictional angle are not the same and depend on the value at which the soil is sheared. Therefore, two parameters are proposed to quantify that difference. This study extends the understanding of the strength anisotropy of granite residual soil and provides data for soil behavior under various values of .
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This paper is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41972285, 42177148, and 41672293), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (Grant No. 2018363), Key R&D projects of Hubei Province (2021BAA186), Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province (2020CFA103), and CRSRI Open Research Program (CKWV2021884/KY).
References
Blight, G. E., and E. C. Leong. 2012. Mechanics of residual soils. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Broms, B. B., and A. O. Casbarian. 1965. “Effects of rotation of the principal stress axes and of the intermediate stress on shear strength.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 6th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 179–183. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Cotecchia, F., and R. J. Chandler. 2000. “A general framework for the mechanical behaviour of clays.” Géotechnique 50 (4): 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.431.
Da Fonseca, A. V., and R. Coutinho. 2008. “Characterization of residual soils.” In Proc., 3rd. Int. Conf. on Site Characterization, 195–248. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Henkel, D. J. 1959. “The relationship between the strength, pore-water pressure, and volume-change characteristics of saturated clay.” Géotechnique 9 (3): 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1959.9.3.119.
Hight, D. W., A. Gens, and M. J. Symes. 1983. “The development of a new hollow cylinder apparatus for investigating the effects of principal stress rotation in soils.” Géotechnique 33 (4): 355–383. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1983.33.4.355.
Kirkgard, M. M., and P. V. Lade. 1993. “Anisotropic three-dimensional behavior of a normally consolidated clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 30 (5): 848–858. https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-075.
Kumruzzaman, M., and J. H. Yin. 2010. “Influences of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on the stress–strain–strength behavior of completely decomposed granite.” Can. Geotech. J. 47 (2): 164–179. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-079.
Kumruzzaman, M., and J. H. Yin. 2012. “Influence of the intermediate principal stress on the stress–strain–strength behaviour of a completely decomposed granite soil.” Géotechnique 62 (3): 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.025.
Lade, P. V., and H. M. Musante. 1978. “Three-dimensional behavior of remolded clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 104 (2): 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000581.
Lade, P. V., and N. M. Rodriguez. 2014. “Comparison of true triaxial and hollow cylinder tests on cross-anisotropic sand specimens.” Geotech. Test. J. 37 (4): 20130155. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20130155.
Lade, P. V., N. M. Rodriguez, and E. J. Van Dyck. 2014. “Effects of principal stress directions on 3D failure conditions in cross-anisotropic sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (2): 04013001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001005.
Li, B., L. Chen, and M. Gutierrez. 2017. “Influence of the intermediate principal stress and principal stress direction on the mechanical behavior of cohesionless soils using the discrete element method.” Comput. Geotech. 86 (Jun): 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.01.004.
Liu, X. Y., X. W. Zhang, L. W. Kong, X. M. Li, and G. Wang. 2021. “Effect of cementation on the small-strain stiffness of granite residual soil.” Soils Found. 61 (2): 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2021.02.001.
Liu, X. Y., X. W. Zhang, L. W. Kong, G. Wang, and H. H. Liu. 2022a. “Formation mechanism of collapsing gully in southern China and the relationship with granite residual soil: A geotechnical perspective.” Catena 210 (Mar): 105890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105890.
Liu, X. Y., X. W. Zhang, L. W. Kong, S. Yin, and Y. Q. Xu. 2022b. “Shear strength anisotropy of natural granite residual soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 148 (1): 04021168. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002709.
Lunne, T., T. Berre, and S. Strandvik. 1997. “Sample disturbance in soft low plasticity Norwegian clay.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Recent Developments in Soil Mechanics, edited by A. Almeida, 81–92. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Nishimura, S. 2005. “Laboratory study on anisotropy of natural London clay.” Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College, Univ. of London.
O’Kelly, B. C., and P. J. Naughton. 2009. “Study of the yielding of sand under generalized stress conditions using a versatile hollow cylinder torsional apparatus.” Mech. Mater. 41 (3): 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2008.11.002.
Onitsuka, K., S. Yoshitake, and M. Nanri. 1985. “Mechanical properties and strength anisotropy of decomposed granite soil.” Soils Found. 25 (2): 14–30. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.2_14.
Rocchi, I., and M. R. Coop. 2015. “The effects of weathering on the physical and mechanical properties of a granitic saprolite.” Géotechnique 65 (6): 482–493. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.P.177.
Rodriguez, N. M. 2012. “Experimental study of 3D failure surface for cross-anisotropic sand deposits during stress rotation.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Catholic Univ. of America.
Saada, A. S., and G. B. Bianchini. 1975. “Strength of one dimensionally consolidated clays.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (11): 1151–1164. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000213.
Saada, A. S., and C. D. Ou. 1973. “Strain-stress relations and failure of anisotropic clays.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 99 (10): 1091–1111. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001971.
Su, S. F., and J. Liao. 2002. “Influence of strength anisotropy on piezocone resistance in clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (2): 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:2(166).
Sutherland, H. B., and M. S. Mesdary. 1969. “The influence of the intermediate principal stress on the strength of sand. In Vol. 1 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 391–399. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Symes, M. J. 1983. “Rotation of principal stresses in sand.” Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College, Univ. of London.
Tastan, E. O., and J. A. H. Carraro. 2022. “Effect of principal stress rotation and intermediate principal stress changes on the liquefaction resistance and undrained cyclic response of Ottawa sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 148 (5): 04022015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002772.
Van Dyck, E. J. 2012. “Effects of principal stress direction and the intermediate principal stress on the stress–strain–strength behavior of a cross-anisotropic fine sand deposit.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Catholic Univ. of America.
Wang, S., P. Zhao, Z. H. Gao, Z. L. Zhong, B. Chen, B. Wu, Q. J. Sun, and C. X. Song. 2022. “Experimental study on directional shear of remolded loess considering the direction of principal stress.” Front. Earth Sci. 10 (Aug): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.854668.
Wu, T. H., A. K. Loh, and L. E. Malvern. 1963. “Study of failure envelope of soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 89 (1): 145–181. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000481.
Yimsiri, S., W. Ratananikom, F. Fukuda, and S. Likitlersuang. 2011. “Influence of stress rotation and intermediate principal stress on undrained response of Bangkok Clay.” In Proc., 14th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 23–27. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Yoshimine, Y., K. Ishihara, and W. Vargas. 1998. “Effects of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on undrained shear behavior of sand.” Soils Found. 38 (3): 179–188. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.3_179.
Zdravković, L., and R. J. Jardine. 2000. “Undrained anisotropy of -consolidated silt.” Can. Geotech. J. 37 (1): 178–200. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-37-1-178.
Zhang, X. W., L. W. Kong, X. L. Cui, and S. Yin. 2016. “Occurrence characteristics of free iron oxides in soil microstructure: Evidence from XRD, SEM and EDS.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 75 (4): 1493–1503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0781-2.
Zhang, X. W., X. Y. Liu, C. Chen, L. W. Kong, and G. Wang. 2020. “Engineering geology of residual soil derived from mudstone in Zimbabwe.” Eng. Geol. 277 (2020): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105785.
Zhang, X. W., X. Y. Liu, L. W. Kong, G. Wang, and C. Chen. 2022. “Small strain stiffness for granite residual soil: Effect of stress ratio.” Can. Geotech. J. 59 (8): 1519–1522. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2021-0308.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 5 • May 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 29, 2021
Accepted: Jan 17, 2023
Published online: Mar 7, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Aug 7, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.