Influence of the Principal Stress Rotation on the Stiffness and Damping Ratio of Frozen Clay under Cyclic Loading
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 39, Issue 1
Abstract
Studying the dynamic characteristics of frozen clay can offer a useful reference for the design of engineering projects and stability analysis in cold regions. This study conducted several cyclic hollow torsional shear and cyclic triaxial experiments to study the effect of cyclic stress ratios and confining pressures on the stiffness and damping ratio characteristics of frozen clay under the condition of principal stress rotation and fixation. The frozen clay samples tended to undergo progressive failure under principal stress rotation and brittle failure under the fixed direction of the principal stress axis. In addition, the stiffness and damping ratio were significantly more sensitive to dynamic stress amplitude and confining pressure under principal stress rotation. Affected by principal stress rotation, the maximum stiffness attenuation was approximately 10%–20%, whereas the minimum damping ratio measured was approximately 30%–70%. Therefore, the results obtained in this study facilitate a rational understanding of the mechanical behavior of frozen soil under principal stress rotation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The work presented in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41671069 and 41871054), and the Chunhui Project Foundation of the Education Department of China (Grant No. HZKY20220449).
References
Aghili, E., I. Hosseinpour, R. J. Chenari, and H. Ahmadi. 2021. “Behavior of granular column-improved clay under cyclic shear loading.” Transp. Geotech. 31: 100654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100654.
ASTM. 2006. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM-D2487. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bian, X., W. Li, Y. Qian, and E. Tutumluer. 2020. “Analysing the effect of principal stress rotation on railway track settlement by discrete element method.” Géotechnique 70 (9): 803–821. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.18.P.368.
Cai, Y., T. Wu, L. Guo, and J. Wang. 2018. “Stiffness degradation and plastic strain accumulation of clay under cyclic load with principal stress rotation and deviatoric stress variation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (5): 04018021. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001854.
Chu, M.-C., and L. Ge. 2021. “Stiffness degradation of coarse and fine sand mixtures due to cyclic loading.” Eng. Geol. 288: 106155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106155.
Fan, C., W. Zhang, Y. Lai, and B. Wang. 2021. “Mechanical behaviors of frozen clay under dynamic cyclic loadings with freeze-thaw cycles.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 181: 103184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103184.
Gao, Q., Z. Wen, A. Brouchkov, M. Zhang, W. Feng, and A. Zhirkov. 2020. “Effect of a ventilated open structure on the stability of bored piles in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 178: 103116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103116.
GB (Guobiao Standards). 2019. Standard for geotechnical testing method. [In Chinese.] GB/T 50123-2019[S]. Beijing: China Planning Press.
Guo, L., Y. Cai, R. J. Jardine, Z. Yang, and J. Wang. 2018. “Undrained behaviour of intact soft clay under cyclic paths that match vehicle loading conditions.”.” Can. Geotech. J. 55 (1): 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1139/[email protected].
Guo, L., J. Chen, J. Wang, Y. Cai, and P. Deng. 2016. “Influences of stress magnitude and loading frequency on cyclic behavior of K0-consolidated marine clay involving principal stress rotation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 84: 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.01.024.
Huang, J., J. Chen, W. Ke, Y. Zhong, Y. Lu, and S. Yi. 2021. “Damping ratio evolution of saturated Ningbo clays under cyclic confining pressure.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 143: 106581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106581.
Inam, A., T. Ishikawa, and S. Miura. 2012. “Effect of principal stress axis rotation on cyclic plastic deformation characteristics of unsaturated base course material.” Soils Found. 52 (3): 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.006.
Kääb, A. 2008. “Remote sensing of permafrost-related problems and hazards.” Permafrost Periglacial Processes 19: 107–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.619.
Lee, C.-J., and S.-F. Sheau. 2007. “The stiffness degradation and damping ratio evolution of Taipei Silty Clay under cyclic straining.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 27 (8): 730–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.12.008.
Lei, L., D. Wang, Y. Wang, D. Li, and C. Yuan. 2023. “Influence of continuous rotation of principal stress direction on the deformation characteristics of frozen clay.” [In Chinese.] J. Harbin Inst. Technol. 55 (6): 143–150. https://doi.org/10.11918/202208055.
Li, Q., X. Ling, J. Hu, and Z. Zhou. 2019. “Residual deformation and stiffness changes of frozen soils subjected to high- and low-amplitude cyclic loading.” Can. Geotech. J. 56 (2): 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0720.
Li, Q.-l., X.-z. Ling, L.-n. Wang, F. Zhang, J.-h. Wang, and P.-j. Xu. 2013. “Accumulative strain of clays in cold region under long-term low-level repeated cyclic loading: Experimental evidence and accumulation model.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 94: 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.06.008.
Li, S., Y. Lai, M. Zhang, and W. Yu. 2015. “Seasonal differences in seismic responses of embankment on a sloping ground in permafrost regions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 76 (1): 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.01.005.
Lin, B., F. Zhang, D. Feng, K. Tang, and X. Feng. 2018. “Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of thawed saturated clay under long-term cyclic loading.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 145: 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.10.003.
Ling, X., Q. Li, L. Wang, F. Zhang, L. An, and P. Xu. 2013. “Stiffness and damping radio evolution of frozen clays under long-term low-level repeated cyclic loading: Experimental evidence and evolution model.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 86: 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.11.002.
Liu, F., Z. Zhou, W. Ma, Z. Wen, S. Zhang, M. Shen, and Y. Mu. 2022. “The effects of the principal stress direction on the deformation behavior of frozen silt clay under the cyclic loading.” Transp. Geotech. 37: 100870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100870.
Liu, F., Z. Zhou, W. Ma, S. Zhang, and Z. Sun. 2021. “Dynamic parameters and hysteresis loop characteristics of frozen silt clay under different cyclic stress paths.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021: 3763181. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3763181.
Liu, J., Y. Cui, X. Liu, and D. Chang. 2020. “Dynamic characteristics of warm frozen soil under direct shear test-comparison with dynamic triaxial test.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 133: 106114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106114.
Liu, Y., and L. Liu. 2020. “Study on cyclically dynamic behavior of tailing soil exposed to freeze-thaw cycles.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 171: 102984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cold regions.2019.102984.
Lu, N., Y. Yang, H.-S. Yu, and Z. Wang. 2020. “Modelling the simple shear behaviour of clay considering principal stress rotation.” Mech. Res. Commun. 103: 103474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2020.103474.
Ma, W., and D. Wang. 2014. Mechanics of frozen soils. Beijing: Science Press.
Malisetty, R. S., B. Indraratna, and J. Vinod. 2020. “Behaviour of ballast under principal stress rotation: Multi-laminate approach for moving loads.” Comput. Geotech. 125: 103655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103655.
Mamou, A., C. Clayton, W. Powrie, and J. Priest. 2019. “The role of clay content on the response of railway track foundations during free-to-drain cyclic changes in principal stress rotation.” Transp. Geotech. 20: 100246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100246.
Mamou, A., W. Powrie, J. A. Priest, and C. Clayton. 2017. “The effects of drainage on the behaviour of railway track foundation materials during cyclic loading.” Géotechnique 67 (10): 845–854. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.278.
Matsumura, S., S. Miura, S. Yokohama, and S. Kawamura. 2015. “Cyclic deformation-strength evaluation of compacted volcanic soil subjected to freeze–thaw sequence.” Soils Found. 55 (1): 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.12.007.
Niu, F., J. Luo, Z. Lin, J. Fang, and M. Liu. 2016. “Thaw-induced slope failures and stability analyses in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.” Landslides 13: 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-014-0545-2.
Obu, J. 2021. “How much of the Earth's surface is underlain by permafrost?” J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf. 126: e2021JF00612. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006123.
Prasanna, R., N. Sinthujan, and S. Sivathayalan. 2020. “Effects of initial direction and subsequent rotation of principal stresses on liquefaction potential of loose sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (3): 04019130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002182.
Qian, J., Z. Du, X. Lu, X. Gu, and M. Huang. 2019. “Effects of principal stress rotation on stress–strain behaviors of saturated clay under traffic–load–induced stress path.” Soils Found. 59 (1): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.08.014.
Qin, Z., Y. Lai, and Y. Tian. 2021. “Study on failure mechanism of a plain irrigation reservoir soil bank slope under wind wave erosion.” Nat. Hazard. 109 (1): 567–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04849-9.
Sæmundsson, Þ., C. Morino, J. K. Helgason, S. J. Conway, and H. G. Pétursson. 2018. “The triggering factors of the Móafellshyrna debris slide in northern Iceland: Intense precipitation, earthquake activity and thawing of mountain permafrost.” Sci. Total Environ. 621: 1163–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.111.
Sakai, A., L. Samang, and N. Miura. 2003. “Partially-drained cyclic behavior and its application to the settlement of a low embankment road on silty-clay.” Soils Found. 43 (1): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.33.
Shen, M., Z. Zhou, and S. Zhang. 2022a. “Effect of stress path on mechanical behaviours of frozen subgrade soil.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 23 (5): 1061–1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1869583.
Shen, Y., W. Du, J. Xu, X. Rui, and H. Liu. 2022b. “Non-coaxiality of soft clay generated by principal stress rotation under high-speed train loading.” Acta Geotech. 17: 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01242-5.
Sivathayalan, S., P. Logeswaran, and V. Manmatharajan. 2015. “Cyclic resistance of a loose sand subjected to rotation of principal stresses.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (3): 04014113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001250.
Wang, R., Z. Hu, X. Ren, F. Li, and F. Zhang. 2022. “Dynamic modulus and damping ratio of compacted loess under long-term traffic loading.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 23 (8): 1731–1745. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1924232.
Wang, Y., M. Han, X. Yu, Y. Wan, J. Shao, and D. Ren. 2020. “Stiffness degradation of natural soft foundation in embankment dam under complex stress paths with considering different initial states.” Appl. Ocean Res. 104: 102356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102356.
Wu, Z., T. Chen, T. Zhao, and L. Wang. 2018. “Dynamic response analysis of railway embankments under train loads in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 112: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.047.
Xu, X., Q. Li, and G. Xu. 2020. “Investigation on the behavior of frozen silty clay subjected to monotonic and cyclic triaxial loading.” Acta Geotech. 15 (5): 1289–1302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00826-6.
Xu, X., W. Zhang, C. Fan, Y. Lai, and J. Wu. 2021. “Effect of freeze–thaw cycles on the accumulative deformation of frozen clay under cyclic loading conditions: Experimental evidence and theoretical model.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 22 (4): 925–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1696221.
You, Z., M. Zhang, F. Liu, and Y. Ma. 2021. “Numerical investigation of the tensile strength of loess using discrete element method.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 247: 107610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107610.
Zhang, B., D. Wang, and L. Lei. 2022. “Dynamic deformation characteristics of frozen clay under pure principal stress rotation.” Arabian J. Geosci. 15 (3): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09572-8.
Zhang, B.-L., D.-Y. Wang, Z. Zhou, M. Wei, and L.-L. Lei. 2021. “The effect of temperature on dynamic characteristics of frozen clay under principal stress rotation.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3127253.
Zhang, D., Q. Li, E. Liu, X. Liu, G. Zhang, and B. Song. 2019. “Dynamic properties of frozen silty soils with different coarse-grained contents subjected to cyclic triaxial loading.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 157: 64–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.09.010.
Zhao, Y., Y. Lai, W. Pei, and F. Yu. 2020a. “An anisotropic bounding surface elastoplastic constitutive model for frozen sulfate saline silty clay under cyclic loading.” Int. J. Plast. 129: 102668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2020.102668.
Zhao, Y., Y. Lai, J. Zhang, and R. Ba. 2020b. “A bounding surface model for frozen sulfate saline silty clay considering rotation of principal stress axes.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 177: 105570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105570.
Zhou, Z., G. Li, M. Shen, and Q. Wang. 2022. “Dynamic responses of frozen subgrade soil exposed to freeze-thaw cycles.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 152: 107010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.107010.
Zhou, Z., W. Ma, S. Zhang, C. Cai, Y. Mu, and G. Li. 2018. “Damage evolution and recrystallization enhancement of frozen loess.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 27 (8): 1131–1155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789517731138.
Zhou, Z., W. Ma, S. Zhang, Y. Mu, and G. Li. 2020. “Experimental investigation of the path-dependent strength and deformation behaviours of frozen loess.” Eng. Geol. 265: 105449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105449.
Zhu, Z., Z. Liu, Q. Xie, Y. Lu, and D. Li. 2018. “Dynamic mechanical experiments and microstructure constitutive model of frozen soil with different particle sizes.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 27 (5): 686–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789517700967.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 12, 2022
Accepted: Jun 28, 2024
Published online: Oct 16, 2024
Published in print: Mar 1, 2025
Discussion open until: Mar 16, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.