Exploring the Internal Influence Mechanism of Group Safety Behavior of Construction Workers: Qualitative Method Approach
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 150, Issue 11
Abstract
The group safety behavior of construction workers has become a topic of global concern calling for effective organizational management measures. However, existing research predominantly relies on empirical case studies, which solely focus on factors without delving into the underlying theoretical mechanisms that drive group safety behaviors. This limitation hinders a comprehensive understanding of how organizational management measures systematically influence safety behaviors. Against this background, this paper reviews and emphasizes how organizational management measures mitigate the interference of environmental factors, subsequently influencing group internal factors and group safety behavior. The qualitative simulation (QSIM) method was used to investigate the variations and distribution patterns of group safety behavior and group internal factors in 10 different simulation schemes with varying intensities and strategies. The findings reveal that: (1) organizational management measures must outweigh the disruptive effects of environmental factors for positive developments in internal group factors and subsequent improvements in group safety behavior; (2) organizational management measures influence group safety behavior through two pathways. First, they directly impact group safety behavior, resulting in significant improvements but failing to enhance group internal factors. Second, they initially affect internal group factors, which subsequently influence group safety behavior; and (3) in resource-abundant scenarios, safety utility is maximized when multiple organizational management measures are employed, whereas in resource-constrained situations, prioritizing a single measure yields the greatest increase in safety utility. The study links organizational management measures, group internal factors, and environmental factors together, filling the gap in the model of construction workers’ group safety behavior and expanding the application of group theory in the construction industry. Project managers can adopt targeted control measures tailored to the specific environmental and internal group factors to reduce safety behavior risks among construction worker groups.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71972020), the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No. 22AZD099), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 2023CDJSKJJ16, 2022CDJSKPY19), and the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. KJZD-M202202501).
References
Al-Kasasbeh, M., O. Abudayyeh, H. Olimat, H. X. Liu, R. Al Mamlook, and B. A. Alfoul. 2021. “A robust construction safety performance evaluation framework for workers’ compensation insurance: A proposed alternative to EMR.” Buildings 11 (10): 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100434.
Burke, M. J., R. O. Salvador, K. Smith-Crowe, S. Chan-Serafin, A. Smith, and S. Sonesh. 2011. “The dread factor: How hazards and safety training influence learning and performance.” J. Appl. Psychol. 96 (1): 46–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021838.
Cao, Q. G., K. Yu, L. J. Zhou, L. L. Wang, and C. A. Li. 2019. “In-depth research on qualitative simulation of coal miners’ group safety behaviors.” Saf. Sci. 113 (Mar): 210–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.012.
Chen, G., R. E. Ployhart, H. C. Thomas, N. Anderson, and P. D. Bliese. 2011. “The power of momentum: A new model of dynamic relationships between job satisfaction change and turnover intentions.” Acad. Manage. J. 54 (Jun): 159–181. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215089.
Chen, M, S. Qi, D. Niu, Y. Zhang, and W Guolai. 2021. “Impact of subjective social support on psychological state and unsafe behavior of construction workers.” J. Chin. Saf. Sci. 31 (1): 30–37.
Chen, Y. T., B. McCabe, and D. Hyatt. 2017. “Relationship between individual resilience, interpersonal conflicts at work, and safety outcomes of construction workers.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 143 (8): 04017042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001338.
Cheung, C. M., R. P. Zhang, R. Wang, S. C. Hsu, and P. Manu. 2022. “Group-level safety climate in the construction industry: Influence of organizational, group, and individual factors.” J. Manage. Eng. 38 (1): 04021080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000978.
Choi, B., and S. Lee. 2018. “An empirically based agent-based model of the sociocognitive process of construction workers’ safety behavior.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 144 (2): 04017102. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001421.
Choudhry, R. M. 2014. “Behavior-based safety on construction sites: A case study.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 70 (Mar): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.03.007.
Choudhry, R. M., and D. Fang. 2008. “Why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior: Investigating factors on construction sites.” Saf. Sci. 46 (Mar): 566–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.027.
Choudhry, R. M., D. Fang, and H. Lingard. 2009. “Measuring safety climate of a construction company.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 135 (Jan): 890–899. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000063.
Cigularov, K. P., P. Y. Chen, and J. Rosecrance. 2010. “The effects of error management climate and safety communication on safety: A multi-level study.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 42 (May): 1498–1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.003.
Clarke, S. 2006. “The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: A meta-analytic review.” J. Occup. Health Psychol. 11 (May): 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.315.
Cong, W. Y., Y. M. Goh, S. J. Zhang, H. K. Liang, Z. Z. Zhou, and N. X. Guo. 2023. “Linking leader-member exchange and informal safety communication of construction workers in China: A cognitive psychology perspective.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 149 (10): 04023092. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13300.
DeTienne, K. B., B. R. Agle, J. C. Phillips, and M. C. Ingerson. 2012. “The impact of moral stress compared to other stressors on employee fatigue, job satisfaction, and turnover: An empirical investigation.” J. Bus. Ethics 110 (May): 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1197-y.
Dov, Z. 2008. “Safety climate and beyond: A multi-level multi-climate framework.” Saf. Sci. 46 (May): 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.03.006.
Edwards, J. R. D., J. Davey, and K. Armstrong. 2013. “Returning to the roots of culture: A review and re-conceptualisation of safety culture.” Saf. Sci. 55 (May): 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.004.
Elelu, K., T. Le, and C. Le. 2023. “Collision hazard detection for construction worker safety using audio surveillance.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 149 (1): 04022159. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-12561.
Fang, D., and H. Wu. 2013. “Development of a safety culture interaction (SCI) model for construction projects.” Saf. Sci. 57 (May): 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.02.003.
Fang, D. P., Y. Wang, H. W. Lim, L. Y. Ma, B. T. Gu, and Y. C. Huang. 2023. “Construction of a Bayesian network based on leadership-culture-behavior model to improve owner safety management behavior.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 149 (3): 04022177. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-12465.
Fu, Y., G. Ye, X. Tang, and Q. Liu. 2019. “Theoretical framework for informal groups of construction workers: A grounded theory study.” Sustainability 11 (23): 6769.
Gatersleben, M. R., and S. W. van der Weij. 1999. “Analysis and simulation of passenger flows in an airport terminal.” In Proc., Winter Simulation Conf., 1226–1231. New York: IEEE.
Georganas, S., M. Tonin, and M. Vlassopoulos. 2015. “Peer pressure and productivity: The role of observing and being observed.” J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 117 (May): 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.06.014.
Gong, X. L., Q. J. Liu, G. Ye, Q. T. Xiang, and Y. H. Wang. 2018. “Analyzing the impact of group norms on workers’ safety behaviors in a construction team.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE) & AHFE Int. Conf. on Safety Management and Human Factors, 598–605. Berlin: Springer.
Guo, B. H. W., T. W. Yiu, and V. A. Gonzalez. 2016. “Predicting safety behavior in the construction industry: Development and test of an integrative model.” Saf. Sci. 84 (May): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.11.020.
Guo, F., J. Wang, D. Liu, and Y. Song. 2021. “Evolutionary process of promoting construction safety education to avoid construction safety accidents in China.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (19): 10392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910392.
Hadavi, A., and R. J. Krizek. 1993. “Short-term goal-setting for construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 119 (May): 622–630. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1993)119:3(622).
Haslam, R. A., S. A. Hide, A. G. F. Gibb, D. E. Gyi, T. Pavitt, and S. Atkinson. 2005. “Contributing factors in construction accidents.” Appl. Ergon. 36 (4): 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2004.12.002.
Heydari, M., G. Heravi, R. Raeisinafchi, and H. Karimi. 2024. “A dynamic model to assess the role of site supervision systems in the safety performance of construction projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 150 (3): 04024001. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13810.
Huang, Y. H., J. Lee, A. C. McFadden, J. Rineer, and M. M. Robertson. 2017. “Individual employee’s perceptions of ‘Group-level Safety Climate’ (supervisor referenced) versus ‘Organization-level Safety Climate’ (top management referenced): Associations with safety outcomes for lone workers.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 98 (Mar): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.09.016.
Jiang, Z., D. Fang, and M. Zhang. 2015. “Understanding the causation of construction workers' unsafe behaviors based on system dynamics modeling.” J. Manage. Eng. 31 (Mar): 14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000350.
Kahn, W. A. 1990. “Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work.” Acad. Manage. J. 33 (Mar): 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287.
Karanikas, N., A. Popovich, S. Steele, N. Horswill, V. Laddrak, and T. Roberts. 2020. “Symbiotic types of systems thinking with systematic management in occupational health & safety.” Saf. Sci. 128 (Aug): 104752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104752.
Ke, J., M. Zhang, X. Luo, and J. Chen. 2021. “Monitoring distraction of construction workers caused by noise using a wearable Electroencephalography (EEG) device.” Autom. Constr. 125 (May): 103598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.10359.
Kong, F., P. Liu, and J. Weng. 2020. “How and when group cohesion influences employee voice: A conservation of resources perspective.” J. Managerial Psychol. 35 (Mar): 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-04-2018-0161.
Konradt, U., K. P. Otte, M. C. Schippers, and C. Steenfatt. 2016. “Reflexivity in teams: A review and new perspectives.” J. Psychol. 150 (Oct): 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2015.1050977.
Kuipers, B. 1986. “Qualitative simulation.” Artif. Intell. 29 (Oct): 289–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(86)90073-1.
Laitinen, H., and K. Päivärinta. 2010. “A new-generation safety contest in the construction industry—A long-term evaluation of a real-life intervention.” Saf. Sci. 48 (Oct): 680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.01.018.
Lee, B., and H. Kim. 2022. “Measuring effects of safety-reminding interventions against risk habituation.” Saf. Sci. 154 (Oct): 105857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105857.
Lee, S., and M. Hong. 2019. “Design and implementation of construction site safety management system using smart helmet and BLE beacons.” J. Internet Comput. Serv. 20 (Oct): 61–68.
Lewin, K. 1947. “Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change.” Hum. Relations 1 (Oct): 5–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100103.
Li, J. Z., and X. Wang. 2008. “Effects of team innovation atmosphere and team efficacy on team innovation behavior.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Product Innovation Management, 1299–1303. Wuhan, China: Hubei People’s Press.
Li, Z., X. Y. Bao, Y. Y. Sheng, and Y. Xia. 2021. “Research on unsafe behavior of construction workers under the bidirectional effect of formal rule awareness and conformity mentality.” Front Psychol. 12 (Dec): 794394. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794394.
Lingard, H., T. Cooke, and N. Blismas. 2012. “Do perceptions of supervisors’ safety responses mediate the relationship between perceptions of the organizational safety climate and incident rates in the construction supply chain?” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 138 (Oct): 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000372.
Lingard, H., and S. Rowlinson. 2004. Occupational health and safety in construction project management. London: Routledge.
Lingard, H., R. P. Zhang, and D. Oswald. 2019. “Effect of leadership and communication practices on the safety climate and behaviour of construction workgroups.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 26 (Oct): 886–906. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2018-0015.
Liu, J., X. H. Wang, and T. Liu. 2022. “Behavior choice mechanisms and tax incentive mechanisms in the game of construction safety.” Buildings 12 (Jul): 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081078.
Liu, S. X., Y. Q. Zhu, Q. Chen, and Q. Mei. 2023. “Research on the influencing factors of grassroots employees’ safety behavior from the perspective of informal groups in workplace.” Saf. Sci. 158 (Oct): 105959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105959.
Lombardi, D. A., S. K. Verma, M. J. Brennan, and M. J. Perry. 2009. “Factors influencing worker use of personal protective eyewear.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 41 (Oct): 755–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.017.
Loushine, T. W., P. L. T. Hoonakker, P. Carayon, and M. J. Smith. 2006. “Quality and safety management in construction.” Total Qual. Manage. Bus. Excellence 17 (Oct): 1171–1212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360600750469.
Luria, G., and D. Yagil. 2010. “Safety perception referents of permanent and temporary employees: Safety climate boundaries in the industrial workplace.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 42 (Oct): 1423–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.016.
Maneechaeye, P., and W. Potipiroon. 2022. “The impact of fleet-level and organization-level safety climates on safety behavior among Thai civilian pilots: The role of safety motivation.” Saf. Sci. 147 (Mar): 105614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105614.
Mayo, E. 2004. Vol. 6 of The human problems of an industrial civilization. Los Angeles: Univ. of Southern California.
Mayo, E. 2014. The social problems of an industrial civilisation: With an appendix on the political problem. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Mei, X. Y., X. J. Zhou, F. Xu, and Z. P. Zhang. 2023. “Human intrusion detection in static hazardous areas at construction sites: Deep learning-based method.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 149 (1): 04022142. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002409.
Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China. 2022. In Proc., Ministry of Emergency Management Regular Press Conf. Beijing: Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China.
Moosa, M. H., and L. P. Oriet. 2022. “Factors affecting safety performance in the construction industry: An empirical study using structural equation modelling.” Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 28 (Mar): 779–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1985302.
Ni, G. D., Q. Zhang, Y. Q. Fang, Z. Y. Zhang, Y. N. Qiao, W. S. Wang, and Y. L. Deng. 2022. “How resilient safety culture corrects unsafe behavior of new generation of construction workers: The mediating effects of job crafting and perceived work meaningfulness.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 30 (10): 4821–4845. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2022-0325.
Probst, T. M. 2004. “Safety and insecurity: Exploring the moderating effect of organizational safety climate.” J. Occup. Health Psychol. 9 (Mar): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.1.3.
Remawi, H., P. Bates, and I. Dix. 2011. “The relationship between the implementation of a safety management system and the attitudes of employees towards unsafe acts in aviation.” Saf. Sci. 49 (Mar): 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.09.014.
Salas, E., N. J. Cooke, and M. A. Rosen. 2008. “On teams, teamwork, and team performance: Discoveries and developments.” Hum. Factors 50 (Mar): 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008X288457.
Seo, D. C., M. R. Torabi, E. H. Blair, and N. T. Ellis. 2004. “A cross-validation of safety climate scale using confirmatory factor analytic approach.” J. Saf. Res. 35 (Mar): 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.04.006.
Seo, H. C., Y. S. Lee, J. J. Kim, and N. Y. Jee. 2015. “Analyzing safety behaviors of temporary construction workers using structural equation modeling.” Saf. Sci. 77 (Mar): 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.010.
Shin, M., H. S. Lee, M. Park, M. Moon, and S. Han. 2014. “A system dynamics approach for modeling construction workers’ safety attitudes and behaviors.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 68 (Mar): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.019.
Sparer, E. H., and J. T. Dennerlein. 2013. “Determining safety inspection thresholds for employee incentives programs on construction sites.” Saf. Sci. 51 (Mar): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.06.009.
Stajkovic, A. D., and F. Luthans. 1997. “A meta-analysis of the effects of organizational behavior modification on task performance, 1975–1995.” Acad. Manage. J. 40 (Mar): 1122–1149. https://doi.org/10.2307/256929.
Tajfel, H., M. G. Billig, R. P. Bundy, and C. Flament. 1971. “Social categorization and intergroup behavior.” Eur. J. Social Psychol. 1 (Mar): 149–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420010202.
Tam, C. M., S. X. Zeng, and Z. M. Deng. 2004. “Identifying elements of poor construction safety management in China.” Saf. Sci. 42 (Mar): 569–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2003.09.001.
Tang Lingling, Z. Y., Q. Shenjun, C. Mei, and N. Dayu. 2020. “The influence of formal group safety atmosphere on construction workers’ conformity unsafe behaviors.” J. Huaqiao Univ. 41 (Mar): 26–31.
Tholen, S. L., A. Pousette, and M. Torner. 2013. “Causal relations between psychosocial conditions, safety climate and safety behaviour—A multi-level investigation.” Saf. Sci. 55 (Mar): 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.12.013.
UK Health and Safety Executive. 2023. Statistical count of in-year work-related deaths where HSE is the relevant enforcing authority. Derbyshire, UK: UK Health and Safety Executive.
UK Office of National Statistics. n.d. Employees and self-employed by industry. Newport, UK: UK Office of National Statistics.
Uzzi, B. 2008. “A social network’s changing statistical properties and the quality of human innovation.” J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 (Mar): 224023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/41/22/224023.
Verschuur, W. L. G., and K. Hurts. 2008. “Modeling safe and unsafe driving behaviour.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 40 (Jun): 644–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.09.001.
Vithanage, S. C., M. C. P. Sing, P. Davis, and M. T. Newaz. 2022. “Assessing the off-site manufacturing workers’ influence on safety performance: A Bayesian network approach.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 148 (Mar): 04021185. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002224.
Williams, Q., M. Ochsner, E. Marshall, L. Kimmel, and C. Martino. 2010. “The impact of a peer-led participatory health and safety training program for Latino day laborers in construction.” J. Saf. Res. 41 (Mar): 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2010.02.009.
Wu, X. G., Q. Liu, L. M. Zhang, M. J. Skibniewski, and Y. H. Wang. 2015. “Prospective safety performance evaluation on construction sites.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 78 (Mar): 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.02.003.
Xia, N. N., M. A. Griffin, Q. H. Xie, and X. W. Hu. 2023. “Antecedents of workplace safety behavior: Meta-analysis in the construction industry.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 149 (4): 04023009. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-12492.
Ye, G., Q. T. Xiang, L. J. Yang, J. J. Yang, N. N. Xia, Y. Liu, and T. T. He. 2022. “Safety stressors and construction workers’ safety performance: The mediating role of ego depletion and self-efficacy.” Front. Psychol. 12 (Jan): 818955. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.818955.
Ye, G., H. Z. Yue, J. J. Yang, H. Y. Li, Q. T. Xiang, Y. Fu, and C. Cui. 2020. “Understanding the sociocognitive process of construction workers’ unsafe behaviors: An agent-based modeling approach.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (5): 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051588.
Yu, K., Q. G. Cao, and L. J. Zhou. 2019. “Study on qualitative simulation technology of group safety behaviors and the related software platform.” Comput. Ind. Eng. 127 (Jan): 1037–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.11.040.
Zaira, M. M., and B. H. W. Hadikusumo. 2017. “Structural equation model of integrated safety intervention practices affecting the safety behaviour of workers in the construction industry.” Saf. Sci. 98 (Oct): 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.06.007.
Zhang, P., N. Li, Z. Jiang, D. Fang, and C. J. Anumba. 2019. “An agent-based modeling approach for understanding the effect of worker-management interactions on construction workers’ safety-related behaviors.” Autom. Constr. 97 (Jan): 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.10.015.
Zhang Lei, S. J., and D. Jianjun. 2019. “A cross-level study of individual behavior of tunnel workers on collective behavior.” [In Chinese.] J. Civ. Eng. Manage. 36 (Oct): 185–189.
Zheng, X., Y. Le, A. P. C. Chan, Y. Hu, and Y. K. Li. 2016. “Review of the application of social network analysis (SNA) in construction project management research.” Int. J. Project Manage. 34 (7): 1214–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.06.005.
Zhou, Z. P., J. Irizarry, and W. Y. Guo. 2021. “A network-based approach to modeling safety accidents and causations within the context of subway construction project management.” Saf. Sci. 139 (Jul): 105261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105261.
Zohar, D. 1980. “Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications.” J. Appl. Psychol. 65 (1): 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96.
Zohar, D., and G. Luria. 2005. “A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates.” J. Appl. Psychol. 90 (4): 616–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.616.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 150 • Issue 11 • November 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 9, 2023
Accepted: Jun 13, 2024
Published online: Sep 3, 2024
Published in print: Nov 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 3, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.