Integrating the Last Planner System and Immersive Virtual Reality: Exploring the Social Mechanisms Produced by Using LPS in Projects
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 150, Issue 7
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the last planner system (LPS), as a Lean-driven production planning and control tool, has consistently demonstrated its capability to improve planning reliability and overall performance in construction projects. Recent research provides evidence suggesting that the LPS ability to do good to projects has not reached its full potential yet. In fact, it has been observed that by identifying the missing social mechanisms in its implementation process and managing more effectively the complex socio-technical nature of the LPS, its implementation effectiveness is improved. However, commonly used research approaches, such as the case study method, have been criticized for lacking scientific control, replicability, and external validity. Alternatively, immersive virtual reality (IVR)-based simulation games have the methodological capability to enable the study of the social mechanisms that the LPS engenders when implemented in projects, by providing a highly controlled, reproducible, and ecologically valid experimental environment. However, how to leverage effectively IVR-based gaming technology to study the social mechanisms that the LPS engenders in construction organizations is not well understood. In order to bridge this gap, this paper established the conceptual and technical foundations to set IVR-based experimental environments and developed an IVR prototype encompassing nonlean and LPS-based rounds. The evaluation of the IVR prototype involved both quantitative and qualitative research approaches, focusing on its functionality, user-perceived presence and usability, task performance, and lean expert feedback. The results demonstrated the prototype’s capability to create a controlled experimental environment while offering participants a user-friendly, immersive, and realistic LPS simulation experience. The contributions of this study are twofold: (1) the addition of a new method to the research methodology toolbox in construction engineering and management; and (2) the generation of design insights to develop IVR prototypes for research in construction engineering and management, and preliminary evidence for its ecological validity.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data (anonymized data collected during experiments), models (Unity models), or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to Zeyu Tu and Simeng Li for their assistance in data collection and analysis.
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Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 150 • Issue 7 • July 2024
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© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Aug 23, 2023
Accepted: Feb 16, 2024
Published online: May 3, 2024
Published in print: Jul 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Oct 3, 2024
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