Seismic Retrofit of Diagonal Tension Members in Steel Deck-Truss Bridges Using CFRP Sheets
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27, Issue 3
Abstract
This study entailed axial cyclic loading tests conducted on full-scale diagonal tension members of steel deck-truss bridges to evaluate the effects of seismic retrofitting methods using carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. The loading tests were performed on CFRP-retrofitted specimens with varying anchoring lengths of the CFRP sheets. The results indicated that the proposed retrofitting methods, which employed the intermediate-modulus CFRP type (390–450 GPa) and polyurea putty (a ductile adhesive), delayed the plastic buckling of the flanges and substantially increased the load-carrying capacities, stiffnesses, and ductility capacities of the retrofitted diagonal tension members. Additionally, the polyurea putty effectively suppressed the peeling failure of the CFRP sheets. It maintained the cross-sectional integrity between the steel members and CFRP sheets even after the plastic buckling of the flanges and rupture failure of the CFRP sheets. Further, finite-element analyses accurately reproduced the loading test results by considering the nonlinear bond-slip performance of polyurea putty, anisotropic characteristics of the CFRP sheets, and cyclic plasticity properties of steel.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and codes generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology under Project No. B2022-DN02-16. The authors are grateful to Mr. Shunta Sakurai in Nippon Steel Chemical & Material Company for his assistance with the CFRP-bonding procedure.
Notation
The following symbols were used in this paper:
- bw
- width of the specimen web;
- cn
- stress reduction coefficient owing to the use of polyurea putty;
- Ecf
- elastic modulus of CFRP sheets;
- Es
- elastic modulus of steel;
- hw
- height of the specimen web;
- i
- ith loading loop;
- k
- kth loading step;
- n
- required number of layers of CFRP sheets;
- P
- applied load;
- R
- width–thickness ratio parameter;
- tcf
- thickness of one CFRP sheet layer;
- tsd
- required retrofit level of steel;
- Δɛi
- difference in the measured average strain of the flanges between loading steps k and k + 1 at the ith (i = 1, 2, … 6) loading loop;
- ΔPi
- difference in the applied load between loading steps k and k + 1 at the ith (i = 1, 2, … 6) loading loop;
- σy
- yield stress of steel;
- σy-Pol
- maximum strength in the normal direction of polyurea putty;
- τy-Pol
- maximum strength in the shear direction of polyurea putty;
- δu-Pol
- relative displacement at the peeling stage of polyurea putty;
- δy
- initial yield relative displacement of the two subject points on the flanges of the nonretrofitted specimen; and
- δy-Pol
- relative displacement at the maximum strength of polyurea putty.
References
Abu-Sena, A. B. B., M. Said, M. A. Zaki, and M. Dokmak. 2019. “Behavior of hollow steel sections strengthened with CFRP.” Constr. Build. Mater. 205: 306–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.237.
Afefy, H. M., K. Sennah, and H. A. Nejat. 2016. “Experimental and analytical investigations on the flexural behavior of CFRP-strengthened composite girders.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 120: 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.01.010.
Aguilera, J., and A. Fam. 2013. “Retrofitting tubular steel T-joints subjected to axial compression in chord and brace members using bonded FRP plates or through-wall steel bolts.” Eng. Struct. 48: 602–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.018.
Albat, A. M., and D. P. Romilly. 1999. “A direct linear-elastic analysis of double symmetric bonded joints and reinforcement.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 59: 1127–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00149-3.
Colombi, P., A. Bassetti, and A. Nussbaumer. 2003a. “Analysis of cracked steel members reinforced by pre-stressed composite patch.” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 26 (1): 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2003.00598.x.
Colombi, P., A. Bassetti, and A. Nussbaumer. 2003b. “Crack growth induced delamination on steel members reinforced by prestressed composite patch.” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 26 (5): 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2003.00642.x.
El-Tawil, S., and E. Ekiz. 2009. “Inhibiting steel brace buckling using carbon fiber-reinforced polymers.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (5): 530–538. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000003.
Fengky, S. Y., V. N. Phan, D. Nakamoto, and Y. Matsumoto. 2022. “Enhancing buckling capacity of angle steel using unbonded CFRP laminates processed by Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VaRTM).” Structures 41: 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.011.
Ferreira, D. 2020. DIANA finite element user’s manual. analysis procedures (release 10.4). Delft, Netherlands: DIANA FEA BV.
Fitton, M. D., and J. G. Broughton. 2005. “Variable modulus adhesives: An approach to optimized joint performance.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 25: 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.08.002.
Gao, X. Y., T. Balendra, and C. G. Koh. 2013. “Buckling strength of slender circular tubular steel braces strengthened by CFRP.” Eng. Struct. 46: 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.010.
Ghahremani, K., W. Scott, and T. Tim. 2015. “Inhibiting distortion-induced fatigue damage in steel girders by using FRP angles.” J. Bridge Eng. 20 (6): 04014085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000678.
Hart-Smith, L. J. 1973. Adhesive-bonded scarf and stepped-lap joints. NASA CR-112237. Santa Monica, CA: Douglas Aircraft Company.
Hattori, M., T. Hirose, K. Ohgaki, T. Miyashita, Y. Okuyama, A. Kobayashi, and Y. Hidekuma. 2018. “Experimental study on reinforcement method using CFRP for bending load bearing capacity of doubly symmetric steel plate girder.” [In Japanese] J. Steel Constr. Eng. 25 (99): 31–39.
Hidekuma, Y., K. Ohgaki, S. Kikuchi, A. Kobayashi, T. Miyashita, and Y. Okuyama. 2019. “Experimental study on evaluation of load capacity of reinforced steel column with carbon fiber sheet.” [In Japanese] J. Struct. Eng. 65A: 769–778.
Hikima, K., and K. Koketsu. 2005. “Rupture processes of the 2004 Chuetsu (mid-Niigata prefecture) earthquake, Japan: A series of events in a complex fault system.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L18303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023588.
Ishikawa, T., I. Okura, and K. Komura. 2009. “Theoretical analysis on increase in debonding load by stepping ends of CFRP strips.” [In Japanese] J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 65 (2): 362–367.
Ishikawa, T., I. Okura, T. Nishida, S. Yokota, and M. Saito. 2008. “Reduction of debonding shear stress by using a low elastic modulus adhesive around the ends of CFRP strips.” [In Japanese] J. Struct. Eng. 55A: 842–849.
JARA (Japan Road Association). 1994. Specification for highway bridges, part-2 steel bridges. [In Japanese.] Tokyo: Maruzen Publication.
JARA (Japan Road Association). 1996. Specification for highway bridges, part-5 seismic design. [In Japanese.] Tokyo: Maruzen Publication.
JARA (Japan Road Association). 2012. Specification for highway bridges, part-2 steel bridges. Tokyo: Maruzen Publication.
JHPC (Japan Highway Public Corporation). 1981. Steel bridge standard design. [In Japanese]. Tokyo: JHPC.
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard). 2004. Test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets for reinforcement of concrete. JIS A 1191. Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association.
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard). 2011. Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Method of test at room temperature. JIS Z 2241. Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association.
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard). 2014. Plastics—Determination of tensile properties—Part 1: General principles. JIS K 7161. Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association.
JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency). 2021a. “Earthquake information.” Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/sourceprocess/index.html.
JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency). 2021b. “Information on the Tokai Earthquake.” Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/nteq/tokaieq.html.
JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers). 1995. Hanshin-Awaji great earthquake investigation emergency report meeting document. [In Japanese]. Tokyo: JSCE.
JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers). 2005. Guidelines for stability design of steel structures. Steel Structures Series 12, 2nd ed., Committee on Steel Structures. Tokyo: JSCE.
Kaan, B. N., F. Alemdar, C. R. Bennett, A. Matamoros, R. Barrett-Gonzalez, and S. Rolfe. 2012. “Fatigue enhancement of welded details in steel bridges using CFRP overlay elements.” J. Compos. Constr. 16 (2): 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000249.
Kumaraguru, S., and A. Paramasivan. 2021. “Flexural strengthening of steel beams using pultruded CFRP composite sheets with anchorage mechanisms.” Structures 33: 1414–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.024.
Miyashita, T., and M. Nagai. 2010. “Stress analysis for steel plate with multilayered CFRP under uni-axial loading.” [In Japanese] J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 66 (2): 378–392.
Miyashita, T., D. Wakabayashi, Y. Hidekuma, A. Kobayashi, N. Koide, W. Horimoto, and M. Nagai. 2015. “Repair for axial member in steel bridge by bonding CFRP sheet through high-elongation and low elastic putty.” [In Japanese] J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 71 (5): II_23–II_38.
Nagai, M., Y. Hidekuma, T. Miyashita, Y. Okuyama, A. Kudo, and A. Kobayashi. 2012. “Bonding characteristics and flexural stiffening effect of CFRP strand sheets bonded to steel beams.” Procedia Eng. 40: 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.069.
NERI (Nippon Expressway Research Institute). 2015. Design and installation manual for upgrading of steel structures with the use of carbon fiber sheets. Tokyo: NERI.
NPA (National Police Agency). 2012. Report of the damage caused by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. [In Japanese]. Tokyo: NPA.
Okazaki, N., H. Nakamura, Y. Kishi, T. Matsui, and H. Setouchi. 2017. “Experimental study on rehabilitation of buckled circular steel bridge pier by externally bonded carbon fiber sheets.” [In Japanese] J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 73 (5): 52–61.
Okeil, A. M., T. Ulger, and H. Babaizadeh. 2015. “Effect of adhesive type on strengthening-by-stiffening for shear-deficient thin-walled steel structures.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 58: 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.01.004.
Okuyama, Y., T. Miyashita, T. Ogata, K. Fujino, K. Ohgaki, Y. Hidekuma, W. Horimoto, and M. Nagai. 2011. “Uniaxial compression test of steel plate bonded FRP sheet for rational repair and reinforcement of web in steel girder bridge.” [In Japanese] J. Struct. Eng. 57A: 735–746.
Okuyama, Y., T. Miyashita, D. Wakabayashi, N. Koide, A. Kobayashi, Y. Hidekuma, W. Horimoto, and M. Nagai. 2012. “Shear buckling test and prediction of shear load carrying capacity for steel girder bonded CFRP on its web.” [In Japanese] J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 68 (3): 635–654.
Pham, N. V., and T. Miyashita. 2020. “Nonlinear stress analysis for CFRP-sheet-bonded steel plates under uniaxial tensile loading.” J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 8 (1): 127–143.
Pham, N. V., T. Miyashita, K. Ohgaki, Y. Hidekuma, and T. Harada. 2021a. “Repair method and finite element analysis for corroded gusset plate connections bonded to CFRP sheets.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (1): 04020310. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002862.
Pham, N. V., T. Miyashita, K. Ohgaki, Y. Okuyama, Y. Hidekuma, and T. Harada. 2021b. “Load-carrying capacity of corroded gusset plate connection and its repair using CFRP sheets.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (6): 04021068. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003030.
Pham, N. V., T. Miyashita, K. Ohgaki, Y. Okuyama, A. Kobayashi, Y. Hidekuma, and T. Hirose. 2018. “Repair method using CFRP sheet for corroded gusset plate connection in truss bridges.” J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 6 (1): 91–109.
Pham, N. V., K. Ohgaki, T. Miki, Y. Hidekuma, and S. Sakurai. 2022. “Seismic retrofitting method using CFRP sheets for H-section steel beam with variable cross section.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (4): 04022004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003292.
Shaat, A., and A. Fam. 2006. “Axial loading tests on short and long hollow structural steel columns retrofitted using carbon fiber reinforced polymers.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 33: 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-042.
Shen, C., I. H. P. Mamaghani, E. Mizuno, and T. Usami. 1995. “Cyclic behavior of structural steels. II: Theory.” J. Eng. Mech. 121 (11): 1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:11(1165).
Shen, C., E. Mizuno, and T. Usami. 1993. “A generalized two-surface model for structural steels under cyclic loading.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 471: 23–33. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1993.471_23.
Shen, C., Y. Tanaka, E. Mizuno, and T. Usami. 1992. “A two-surface model for steels with yield plateau.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 441: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1992.11.
Sivaganesh, S., and M. Madhavan. 2019. “Strengthening of laterally restrained steel beams subjected to flexural loading using low-modulus CFRP.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil 33 (3): 04019032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001293.
Sugiura, H., A. Kobayashi, K. Ohgaki, N. Inaba, Y. Tomita, and M. Nagai. 2008. “Analytical study on the bonding method of carbon fiber sheet in the repair of corroded steel members.” [In Japanese] J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 64 (4): 806–813.
Tavakkolizadeh, M., and H. Saadatmanesh. 2003. “Fatigue strength of steel girders strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer patch.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (2): 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(186).
Yu, Q.-Q., and Y.-F. Wu. 2018. “Fatigue retrofitting of cracked steel beams with CFRP laminates.” Compos. Struct. 192: 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.090.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27 • Issue 3 • June 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 29, 2022
Accepted: Jan 18, 2023
Published online: Mar 16, 2023
Published in print: Jun 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Aug 16, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.