Multisource Data Integration and Computer Vision Technology in Uncertainty Quantification of Live Loads
Publication: Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering
Volume 39, Issue 1
Abstract
Quantifying the uncertainty of live loads holds a significant reference value for reliability assessments at the component, structural, and even urban levels. Traditional survey methods are characterized by high survey costs, substantial manpower requirements, long implementation periods, and slow data updates. To address these shortcomings, this study proposes a new survey method that integrates heterogeneous data from various sources such as real estate and e-commerce websites, including photos of the surveyed region, object weights within the region, ownership change history, and so on. An object detection model is established using the You Only Look Once (YOLO) v4 algorithm. The model achieves mean average precision of 76% on the test data set and is applied to automatically identify object quantities from photos of the surveyed region. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verified through an illustrative survey example. Subsequently, this new method is applied to a large-scale survey in Shanghai, China, covering around . Through the analysis of survey results, it was found that significant variations exist in the statistical outcomes between different districts within the same city. Specifically, the differences in statistical results for the load amplitude and change interval can reach 65% and 36%, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The support of this study by the key project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51538010) and the project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52178151) is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Andam, K. A. 1986. “Floor live loads for office buildings.” Build. Environ. 21 (3–4): 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(86)90032-6.
Bochkovskiy, A., C. Y. Wang, and H. Y. M. Liao. 2020. “Yolov4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection.” Preprint, submitted April 23, 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10934.
Bryson, J. O., and D. Gross. 1967. Techniques for the survey and evaluation of live floor loads and fire loads in modern office buildings. Building science series 16. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
Chalk, P. L., and R. B. Corotis. 1980. “Probability model for design live loads.” J. Struct. Div. 106 (10): 2017–2033. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005542.
Choi, E. C. C. 1989. “Live load model for office buildings.” Struct. Eng. 67 (24): 421–437.
Choi, E. C. C. 1991. “Extraordinary live load in office buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 117 (11): 3216–3227. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:11(3216).
Corotis, R. B., and V. A. Jaria. 1979. “Stochastic nature of building live loads.” J. Struct. Div. 105 (3): 493–510. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005112.
Culver, C. G. 1976. “Live-load survey results for office buildings.” J. Struct. Div. 102 (12): 2269–2284. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0004492.
Feng, D. M., and M. Q. Feng. 2018. “Computer vision for SHM of civil infrastructure: From dynamic response measurement to damage detection - A review.” Eng. Struct. 156 (Apr): 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.018.
Ge, S. J. 2004. “Survey and statistical model of load for residential building in central plains region.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, College of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou Univ.
Goyal, P., P. Dollár, R. Girshick, P. Noordhuis, L. Wesolowski, A. Kyrola, A. Tulloch, Y. Jia, and K. He. 2017. “Accurate, large minibatch SGD: Training ImageNet in 1 hour.” Preprint, submitted June 28, 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677.
Harris, J. C., and R. B. Corotis. 1978. “Hospital inventory load survey.” J. Struct. Div. 104 (12): 1859–1868. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005052.
Harris, M. E., R. B. Corotis, and C. J. Bova. 1981. “Area-dependent processes for structural live loads.” J. Struct. Div. 107 (5): 857–872. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005709.
Hernández, E. T., A. C. Dominguez-Palacios, and M. Martínez-Ruíz. 2019. “Live loads on floors of libraries and newspaper archive buildings.” Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 11 (2): 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-0230-8.
Honfi, D., A. Mårtensson, and S. Thelandersson. 2012. “Reliability of beams according to Eurocodes in serviceability limit state.” Eng. Struct. 35 (Mar): 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.003.
Hong, T. H. 2011. Harmonious family building in China. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
Huang, Y., H. Zhang, H. Li, and S. Wu. 2021. “Recovering compressed images for automatic crack segmentation using generative models.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 146 (Mar): 107061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107061.
Huang, Y. Q., J. Y. Li, and J. Y. Fu. 2019. “Review on application of artificial intelligence in civil engineering.” Comput. Model. Eng. Sci. 121 (3): 845–875.
Imam, M. H. 1999. “Optimum floorplan topology for minimizing the damaging effects of live loads in building structures.” Comput. Struct. 71 (2): 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00220-X.
Issen, L. A. 1980. Single-family residential fire and live loads survey. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
Jain, S. K., and A. Nanda. 2010. “On the nature of secondary compression in soils.” In Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., 1121–1124. New Delhi, India: Macmillan.
Jingdong. 2023. “Information of products on sale.” [In Chinese.] Accessed November 23, 2023. https://www.jd.com.
Kumar, S. 2002a. “Live loads in office buildings: Lifetime maximum load.” Build. Environ. 37 (1): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(00)00075-5.
Kumar, S. 2002b. “Live loads in office buildings: Point-in-time load intensity.” Build. Environ. 37 (1): 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(00)00074-3.
Lianjia. 2023. “Information of properties on sale.” [In Chinese.] Accessed September 15, 2023. https://www.lianjia.com.
Li, H., and Q. Y. Hu. 2019. Forecasting and decision making. [In Chinese.] Beijing: China Machine Press.
Li, J. H., Z. M. Lin, and M. S. Li. 1990. Probabilistic limit state design of building structures. [In Chinese.] Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Li, Y., and J. Chen. 2022. “Structural live load surveys by deep learning.” Smart Struct. Syst. 30 (2): 145–157.
Lin, T. Y., P. Dollár, R. Girshick, and K. He. 2017. “Feature pyramid networks for object detection.” In Proc., IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 936–944. New York: IEEE.
Liu, S., L. Qi, H. Qin, J. Shi, and J. Jia. 2018. “Path aggregation network for instance segmentation.” In Proc., 2018 IEEE/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 8759–8768. New York: IEEE.
Loshchilov, I., and F. Hutter. 2017. “SGDR: Stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Learning Representations. New York: Curran Associates.
McGuire, R. K., and C. A. Cornell. 1974. “Live load effects in office buildings.” J. Struct. Div. 100 (7): 1351–1366. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0003816.
Mitchell, G. R., and R. W. Woodgate. 1971. Floor loadings in office buildings: The results of a survey. Current Paper 3/71. Watford, UK: Building Research Station.
National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. 2021. “The seventh national census bulletin (No. 2).” [In Chinese.] Accessed May 11, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/202302/t20230206_1902002.html.
Niu, J. G., and D. T. Niu. 2006. “Investigation and statistical analysis on the floor loads of residential buildings.” [In Chinese.] J. Xi’an Univ. Archit. Technol. 38 (2): 214–220.
Parsons, T. 2021. “The weight of cities: Urbanization effects on Earth’s subsurface.” AGU Adv. 2 (1): e2020AV000277. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000277.
Peir, J. C., and C. A. Cornell. 1973. “Spatial and temporal variability of live loads.” J. Struct. Div. 99 (5): 903–922. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0003512.
Reid, S. G. 1997. “Probability-based patterned live loads for design.” Struct. Saf. 19 (1): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4730(96)00031-8.
Reyes, J. C., M. T. Herrera, J. P. Smith-Pardo, and L. S. Córdoba. 2020. “Effective live load mass for storage buildings on friction-pendulum isolators.” Eng. Struct. 218 (Jan): 110843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110843.
Reyes, J. C., E. Marcillo-Delgado, J. P. Smith-Pardo, and O. A. Ardila-Giraldo. 2018. “Assessment of the effective seismic mass for low-rise framed shear buildings supporting nearly permanent live loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (8): 04018098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002121.
Soomro, Z., S. Khoso, T. Ali, S. A. Abbasi, A. A. Ansari, and M. T. Naqash. 2022. “Realistic determination of live loads on various reinforced concrete structures.” Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 12 (3): 8506–8511. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4783.
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. “Human dimensions of Chinese adults (draft for comment).” [In Chinese.] Accessed March 6, 2020. https://std.samr.gov.cn/gb/search/gbDetailed?id=E116673EC7F8A3B7E05397BE0A0AC6BF.
Tian, Y., C. Zhang, S. Jiang, J. Zhang, and W. Duan. 2021. “Noncontact cable force estimation with unmanned aerial vehicle and computer vision.” Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 36 (1): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12567.
Tong, K., Y. Q. Wu, and F. Zhou. 2020. “Recent advances in small object detection based on deep learning: A review.” Image Vis. Comput. 97 (Jan): 103910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2020.103910.
Wang, C. Y., H. Y. M. Liao, Y. H. Wu, P. Y. Chen, J. W. Hsieh, and I. H. Yeh. 2020. “CSPNet: A new backbone that can enhance learning capability of CNN.” In Proc., IEEE/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), 1571–1580. New York: IEEE.
Wu, X. Q., J. T. Yao, and Y. J. Liu. 2012. “Statistical analysis of live load on residence floor and analysis of residence floor reliability.” [In Chinese.] Eng. Mech. 29 (3): 90–94.
Wu, X. W., D. Sahoo, and S. C. H. Hoi. 2020. “Recent advances in deep learning for object detection.” Neurocomputing 396 (Jan): 39–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.01.085.
Xu, C., J. Chen, and J. Li. 2023. “A modern survey method for determining extraordinary loads based on multi-source online data.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 26 (11): 2123–2134. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332231167095.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 17, 2024
Accepted: Jun 21, 2024
Published online: Oct 7, 2024
Published in print: Jan 1, 2025
Discussion open until: Mar 7, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.