Reinforcement Effect of High-Strength Bolts for Stop-Hole under Out-of-Plane Bending Loads
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 1
Abstract
The base metal at a stop-hole edge will be in out-of-plane torsion under bending loads to resist bolt tightening and weaken the reinforcement effect. By carrying out numerical simulation and fatigue tests, the effect of bolt reinforcement for stop-holes under out-of-plane bending loads was analyzed and the influence degree of reinforcement form, pretightening force, and eccentric loading on the maintenance effect were clarified. By carrying out real bridge application and dynamic stress monitoring, the effect of bolting for cracks subjected to out-of-plane deformation was explored. The results demonstrate that bolt reinforcement can significantly restrain the in-plane tension and out-of-plane shear deformation and alleviate fatigue damage accumulation at the crack tip to arrest continuous growth. The reinforcement effect of double bolts is remarkable and will not cause excessive local stiffness to induce new fatigue cracking. An excessive increase in the pretightening force cannot effectively improve the reinforcement effect and even aggravates the risk of cracking at the bolt edge, while a reasonable ratio of loading amplitude to pretightening force is approximately 3:1. The fatigue life of components is negatively linearly related to the nominal stress at the bolt, according to which the fatigue life can be quantitatively evaluated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work reported herein is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFE0128700) and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. KYCX22_0616). This assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Attia, M. H. 2006. “Fretting fatigue and wear damage of structural components in nuclear power stations—Fitness for service and life management perspective.” Tribol. Int. 39 (10): 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.02.052.
Ayatollahi, M. R., S. M. J. Razavi, and H. R. Chamani. 2014. “Fatigue life extension by crack repair using stop-hole technique under pure mode-I and pure mode-II loading conditions.” Procedia Eng. 74: 18–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.216.
Beales, C., and J. R. Cuninghame. 1990. Fatigue assessment of orthotropic steel bridge decks. Boston: Springer.
Chakherlou, T. N., Y. Alvandi-Tabrizi, and A. Kiani. 2011. “On the fatigue behavior of cold expanded fastener holes subjected to bolt tightening.” Int. J. Fatigue 33 (6): 800–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2010.12.014.
Ding, L., T. Maruyama, and M. Inomaru. 2002. “Stress near stop hole tightened by bolt.” [In Japanese.] Proc. Conf. Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 40: 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2002.40.121.
Fang, L., Z. Fu, B. Ji, and S. Kainuma. 2022. “Research on mixed mode crack drilling under out-of-plane shear in steel bridge deck.” Int. J. Fatigue 156: 106679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106679.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2013. Manual for repair and retrofit of fatigue cracks in steel bridges. McLean, VA: FHWA.
Inomaru, M., T. Maruyama, M. Nakamura, and L. Ding. 2002. “Fatigue strength of stop hole tightened by bolt.” [In Japanese.] Proc. Conf. Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 40: 119–120. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2002.40.119.
Ishikawa, T., S. Kiyokawa, and W. Nakatsuji. 2020. “Reduction of stress concentration at stop-hole by bolting a crack.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 20 (6): 2076–2085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-020-00434-1.
Jiang, X., Z. L. Lv, X. H. Qiang, and J. D. Zhang. 2021. “Improvement of stop-hole method on fatigue-cracked steel plates by using high-strength bolts and CFRP strips.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2021: 6632212.
Kainuma, S., M. Yang, Y.-S. Jeong, S. Inokuchi, A. Kawabata, and D. Uchida. 2016. “Experiment on fatigue behavior of rib-to-deck weld root in orthotropic steel decks.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 119: 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.11.014.
Matsuishi, M., and T. Endo. 1968. “Fatigue of metals subjected to varying stress.” Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 68 (2): 37–40.
Mehue, P. 1990. Cracks in steel orthotropic decks. Boston: Springer.
Mohammadi, S. 2008. Extended finite element method. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Mori, T. 1996. “Stress concentration and fatigue strength of rectangle plates with bolted circular holes.” [In Japanese.] Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 543 (36): 123–132. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1996.543_123.
Mori, T., I. Nishio, and D. Uchida. 2002. “Fatigue strength of flange gusset welded joints repaired by bolting-stop-hole method.” [In Japanese.] Kou Kouzou Rombunshuu 9 (33): 13–23.
Mori, T., and D. Uchida. 2001. “Fatigue strength of out-of-plane gusset velded joints repaired by bolting-stop-hole method.” [In Japanese.] Kou Kouzou Rombunshuu 8 (29): 15–26.
Mori, T., D. Uchida, and T. Iketani. 2011. “An evaluation formula for fatigue strength of web-gusset welded joints repaired by bolting-stop-hole method under combined stress field.” [In Japanese.] Kou Kouzou Rombunshuu 14 (54): 95–104.
Petros, P., and B. S. Xanthakos. 2007. Orthotropic deck bridges. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Poovakaud, V. V., C. Jiménez-Pea, R. Talemi, S. Coppieters, and D. Debruyne. 2020. “Assessment of fretting fatigue in high strength steel bolted connections with simplified FE modelling techniques.” Tribol. Int. 143: 106083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106083.
Schijve, J. 2001. Fatigue of structures and materials. Delft, Netherlands: Springer.
Uchida, D., T. Mori, and N. Sugiyama. 2011. “Fatigue strength evaluation of out-of-plane gusset welded joints repaired by bolting-stop-hole method under in-plane bending stresses.” [In Japanese.] Kou Kouzou Rombunshuu 12 (48): 55–65.
Wagle, S., and H. Kato. 2009. “Ultrasonic detection of fretting fatigue damage at bolt joints of aluminum alloy plates.” Int. J. Fatigue 31 (8): 1378–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.03.017.
Wang, B. 2015. “Fatigue assessment of the diaphragm-to-rib welded connection in orthotropic steel deck using effective notch stress approach.” J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 15 (1): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-014-9909-0.
Wang, Y., Z. Fu, H. Ge, B. Ji, and N. Hayakawa. 2019. “Cracking reasons and features of fatigue details in the diaphragm of curved steel box girder.” Eng. Struct. 201 (9): 109767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109767.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 27, 2022
Accepted: Sep 4, 2022
Published online: Oct 31, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 31, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bending (structural)
- Bolts
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Continuum mechanics
- Cracking
- Design (by type)
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Eccentric loads
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Fastening
- Fatigue (material)
- Fatigue life
- Fracture mechanics
- Load factors
- Load tests
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Models (by type)
- Numerical models
- Solid mechanics
- Static loads
- Statics (mechanics)
- Structural design
- Structural dynamics
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.