Influence of Combined Corrosion–Fatigue Deterioration on Life-Cycle Resilience of RC Bridges
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 5
Abstract
Corrosion and traffic-induced fatigue are two major threats to RC bridges in high-traffic and corrosive environments. Coupled interaction of these two mechanisms, referred to as corrosion–fatigue, causes gradual material degradation of bridge girders and leads to an enhanced seismic vulnerability of bridges as deterioration proceeds. In this context, the paper develops a numerical framework to estimate seismic resilience of two RC bridges, having two and three spans, subjected to combined corrosion–fatigue degradation over their lifecycles. Modeling of corrosion–fatigue involves the simulation of fatigue loads on bridge girders using stochastic samples of gross vehicle weights obtained from weigh-in-motion measurements and estimation of fatigue stresses at fatigue-critical locations of bridge girders. Observed time-variant deterioration of bridge girders due to corrosion–fatigue is utilized to develop finite-element models of these bridges, in which piers are also assumed to have corrosion. Analyses result in an estimation of seismic vulnerability and resilience of these bridges in the life-cycle context. Among the two bridges, a three-span bridge is observed to experience higher reduction in resilience with time due to its higher flexibility than does a two-span bridge. Overall, research outcome demonstrated the confronting role of corrosion–fatigue degradation and emphasized its adverse impact on life-cycle seismic resilience of RC bridges.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) through Grant No. RD/0121-CDRI030-001 and the Science and Technology Research Board (SERB) in India through Grant No. CRG/2021/004306. These supports are gratefully acknowledged.
References
AASHTO. 1990. Guide specifications for fatigue evaluation of existing steel bridges. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2008. LRFD bridge design specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Agostinacchio, M., D. Ciampa, and S. Olita. 2014. “The vibrations induced by surface irregularities in road pavements–a Matlab approach.” Eur. Transport Res. Rev. 6 (3): 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-013-0127-8.
ASCE. 2021. 2021 report card for America’s infrastructure. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Balaguru, P. N. 1981. “Analysis of prestressed concrete beams for fatigue loading.” J. Prest. Concr. Inst. 26 (3): 70–94.
Banerjee, S., B. S. Vishwanath, and D. K. Devendiran. 2019. “Multihazard resilience of highway bridges and bridge networks: A review.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 15 (12): 1694–1714. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1648526.
Bastidas-Arteaga, E., P. Bressolette, A. Chateauneuf, and M. Sánchez-Silva. 2009. “Probabilistic lifetime assessment of RC structures under coupled corrosion–fatigue deterioration processes.” Struct. Saf. 31 (1): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.04.001.
Caltrans. 2021. Corrosion guidelines. Version 3.2. Technical report. Sacramento, CA: Caltrans.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Design of steel structure—Part 1–9: Fatigue. Eurocode 3. EN1993-1-9. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chotickai, P., and M. D. Bowman. 2006. “Truck models for improved fatigue life predictions of steel bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 11 (1): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:1(71).
Deng, L., and C. S. Cai. 2009. “Identification of parameters of vehicles moving on bridges.” Eng. Struct. 31 (10): 2474–2485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.06.005.
Devendiran, D. K., S. Banerjee, and A. Mondal. 2021. “Impact of climate change on multihazard performance of river-crossing bridges: Risk, resilience, and adaptation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil 35 (1): 04020127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001538.
Guo, Z., Y. Ma, L. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2019. “Modelling guidelines for corrosion–fatigue life prediction of concrete bridges: Considering corrosion pit as a notch or crack.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 105: 883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.07.046.
Han, J., Y. Song, L. Wang, and S. Song. 2015. “Residual strain analysis of non-prestressed reinforcement in PPC beams under fatigue loading.” Mater. Struct. 48 (6): 1785–1802. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0272-0.
Hasan, S., and E. Elwakil. 2019. “Stochastic regression deterioration models for superstructure of prestressed concrete bridges in California.” J. Struct. Integrity Maint. 4 (2): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2019.1603194.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 2016. Mechanical vibration—Road surface profiles—Reporting of measured data. ISO 8608. Geneva: ISO.
Kashani, M. M., A. J. Crewe, and N. A. Alexander. 2013. “Nonlinear stress–strain behaviour of corrosion-damaged reinforcing bars including inelastic buckling.” Eng. Struct. 48: 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.034.
Kim, Y. J., and P. J. Heffernan. 2008. “Fatigue behavior of externally strengthened concrete beams with fiber-reinforced polymers: State of the art.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (3): 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:3(246).
Kwon, K., D. M. Frangopol, and M. Soliman. 2012. “Probabilistic fatigue life estimation of steel bridges by using a bilinear S-N approach.” J. Bridge Eng. 17 (1): 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000225.
Laman, J. A., and A. S. Nowak. 1996. “Fatigue-load models for girder bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 122 (7): 726–733. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:7(726).
Lu, Q., J. Harvey, T. Le, J. Lea, R. Quinley, D. Redo, and J. Avis. 2002. Truck traffic analysis using weigh-in-motion (WIM) data in California. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California, Berkeley, Institute of Transportation Studies, Pavement Research Center.
Lu, Q., Y. Zhang, and J. T. Harvey. 2009. “Estimation of truck traffic inputs for mechanistic–empirical pavement design in California.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2095 (1): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.3141/2095-07.
Ma, Y., Z. Guo, L. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2020. “Probabilistic life prediction for reinforced concrete structures subjected to seasonal corrosion–fatigue damage.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (7): 04020117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002666.
Ma, Y., A. Peng, X. Su, L. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2021. “Modeling constitutive relationship of steel bar removed from corroded PC beams after fatigue considering spatial location effect.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (4): 04021019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003644.
Ma, Y., G. Wang, X. Su, L. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2018. “Experimental and modelling of the flexural performance degradation of corroded RC beams under fatigue load.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191: 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.031.
Ma, Y., Y. Xiang, L. Wang, J. Zhang, and Y. Liu. 2014. “Fatigue life prediction for aging RC beams considering corrosive environments.” Eng. Struct. 79: 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.07.039.
Miner, M. A. 1945. “Cumulative damage in fatigue.” J. Appl. Mech. 12 (3): A159–A164. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4009458.
Muthukumar, S. 2003. “A contact element approach with hysteresis damping for the analysis and design of pounding in bridges.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Paraskeva, T. S., E. G. Dimitrakopoulos, and Q. Zeng. 2017. “Dynamic vehicle–bridge interaction under simultaneous vertical earthquake excitation.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 15 (1): 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9954-z.
Ramanathan, K. N. 2012. “Next generation seismic fragility curves for California bridges incorporating the evolution in seismic design philosophy.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Saidi, A., I. Hamouine, L. Bousserhane, and L. Fali. 2017. “Study of vehicle-bridge coupled vibration using matlab/simulink.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 8 (12): 502–511.
Somerville, P., N. Smith, S. Punyamurthula, and J. Sun. 1997. Development of ground motion time histories for Phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC Steel Project. SAC Joint Venture Project Rep. No. SAC/BD-97/04. Richmond, CA: SAC Steel Project.
Song, H.-W., D.-W. You, K.-J. Byun, and K. Maekawa. 2002. “Finite element failure analysis of reinforced concrete T-girder bridges.” Eng. Struct. 24 (2): 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00107-9.
Song, L., Z. Fan, and J. Hou. 2019. “Experimental and analytical investigation of the fatigue flexural behavior of corroded reinforced concrete beams.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 13 (1): 1–14.
Spellman, D. L., and R. F. Stratfull. 1969. Chlorides and bridge deck deterioration. Sacramento, CA: Division of Highways, Materials and Research Dept. California Division of Highways.
Sun, J., Q. Huang, and Y. Ren. 2015. “Performance deterioration of corroded RC beams and reinforcing bars under repeated loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 96: 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.066.
Tapia-Hernández, E., T. Perea, and M. A. Islas-Mendoza. 2017. “Design assessment of short-span steel bridges.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 15 (2): 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0105-3.
Veshosky, D., C. R. Beidleman, G. W. Buetow, and M. Demir. 1994. “Comparative analysis of bridge superstructure deterioration.” J. Struct. Eng. 120 (7): 2123–2136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:7(2123).
Vishwanath, B. S., and S. Banerjee. 2019. “Life-cycle resilience of aging bridges under earthquakes.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (11): 04019106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001491.
Wan, H.-P., L. Su, D. M. Frangopol, Z. Chang, W.-X. Ren, and X. Ling. 2021. “Seismic response of a bridge crossing a canyon to near-fault acceleration-pulse ground motions.” J. Bridge Eng. 26 (6): 05021006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001724.
Wang, W., L. Deng, and X. Shao. 2016. “Number of stress cycles for fatigue design of simply-supported steel I-girder bridges considering the dynamic effect of vehicle loading.” Eng. Struct. 110: 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.054.
Weyers, R. E., M. G. Fitch, E. P. Larsen, I. L. Al-Qadi, W. P. Chamberlin, and P. C. Hoffman. 1994. Concrete bridge protection and rehabilitation: Chemical and physical techniques. Service life estimates. Washington, DC: Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council.
Yadav, I. N., and K. B. Thapa. 2020. “Fatigue damage model of concrete materials.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 108: 102578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102578.
Yan, D., Y. Luo, N. Lu, M. Yuan, and M. Beer. 2017. “Fatigue stress spectra and reliability evaluation of short-to medium-span bridges under stochastic and dynamic traffic loads.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (12): 04017102. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001137.
Yang, D.-H., T.-H. Yi, and H.-N. Li. 2017. “Coupled fatigue-corrosion failure analysis and performance assessment of RC bridge deck slabs.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (10): 04017077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001108.
Yen, B. T., I. C. Hodgson, Y. E. Zhou, and B. B. Crudele. 2013. “Bilinear S-N curves and equivalent stress ranges for fatigue life estimation.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (1): 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000325.
Yi, W., S. K. Kunnath, X. Sun, C. Shi, and F. Tang. 2010. “Fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams with corroded steel reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J. 107 (5): 526–533.
Yilmaz, T., S. Banerjee, and P. A. Johnson. 2016. “Performance of two real-life California bridges under regional natural hazards.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (3): 04015063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000827.
Zhang, W., X. Song, X. Gu, and S. Li. 2012. “Tensile and fatigue behavior of corroded rebars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34: 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.071.
Zhang, W., Z. Ye, X. Gu, X. Liu, and S. Li. 2017. “Assessment of fatigue life for corroded reinforced concrete beams under uniaxial bending.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (7): 04017048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001778.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 20, 2022
Accepted: Dec 14, 2022
Published online: Feb 16, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 16, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.