Permanent Displacement Analysis of Multistage Loess Slopes with Multiple Slip Surfaces Based on Energy Methods
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 11
Abstract
As an important basis for slope stability evaluation, the permanent displacement of the slope has been widely used in the seismic design of slope engineering. This paper aims at the situation of multiple slip surfaces and multiple sliding masses in multistage loess slopes under earthquake action. After fully discussing the occurrence of two and three slip surfaces and the successive sliding of each sliding mass of the multistage loess slope under the action of an earthquake, combined with the principle of energy conservation of slope soil and Newmark slider analysis method, the calculation model of multistage loess slope sliding with multiple slip surfaces is established and the calculation method of multistage loess slope sliding with multiple sliders based on energy method is proposed. The positive and negative critical acceleration of each sliding mass is calculated according to the interaction of forces between each sliding mass, and then the influence of slope slip surface inclination and soil parameters on the positive and negative critical acceleration is discussed. Finally, the permanent displacement expression of each sliding mass is obtained by solving the energy equation. The research conclusion is drawn through the verification of an example: the results obtained by the quasi-static method of GEO-Studio (version 2012) numerical simulation software are close to each other, with a difference of 6%. If the peak value of seismic acceleration is small and the inclination of the slip surface is large, the negative critical acceleration may not be considered when calculating the permanent displacement of sliding mass of multistage loess slope under seismic action.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52168050).
References
Al-Homoud, A. S., and W. Tahtamoni. 2000. “Comparison between predictions using different simplified Newmarks’ block-on-plane models and field values of earthquake induced displacements.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 19 (2): 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0267-7261(99)00033-0.
Chang, C.-J., W. F. Chen, and J. T. P. Yao. 1984. “Seismic displacements in slopes by limit analysis.” J. Geotech. Eng. 110 (7): 860–874. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:7(860).
Chen, Z., P. Yang, H. Liu, W. Zhang, and C. Wu. 2019. “Characteristics analysis of granular landslide using shaking table model test.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 126: 105761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105761.
Cui, X., Y. Du, Z. Bao, Y. Xiao, J. Hao, X. Li, and S. Zhang. 2023. “Field evaluation of the three-dimensional dynamic stress state of the subgrade induced by the heavy-haul train load.” Transp. Geotech. 38: 100903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100903.
Cui, Y., A. Liu, C. Xu, and J. Zheng. 2019. “A modified Newmark method for calculating permanent displacement of seismic slope considering dynamic critical acceleration.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 9782515. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9782515.
Gibson, M. D., J. P. Wartman, M. M. MacLaughlin, and D. K. Keefer. 2018. “Pseudo-static failure modes and yield accelerations in rock slopes.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 102: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.001.
Habibi, A., R. W. K. Chan, and F. Albermani. 2013. “Energy-based design method for seismic retrofitting with passive energy dissipation systems.” Eng. Struct. 46: 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.07.011.
Jibson, R. W. 2011. “Methods for assessing the stability of slopes during earthquakes—A retrospective.” Eng. Geol. 122 (1–2): 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.09.017.
Lebourg, T., S. El Bedoui, and M. Hernandez. 2009. “Control of slope deformations in high seismic area: Results from the Gulf of Corinth observatory site (Greece).” Eng. Geol. 108 (3–4): 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.04.004.
Ling, H. I., D. Leshchinsky, and Y. Mohri. 1997. “Soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 26 (12): 1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199712)26:12%3C1231::AID-EQE707%3E3.0.CO;2-Z.
Mathews, N., B. A. Leshchinsky, M. J. Olsen, and A. Klar. 2019. “Spatial distribution of yield accelerations and permanent displacements: A diagnostic tool for assessing seismic slope stability.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 126: 105811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105811.
Newmark, N. M. 1965. “Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments.” Géotechnique 15 (2): 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.2.139.
Roy, R., D. Ghosh, and G. Bhattacharya. 2016. “Influence of strong motion characteristics on permanent displacement of slopes.” Landslides 13 (2): 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0568-3.
Song, J., Q. Fan, T. Feng, Z. Chen, J. Chen, and Y. Gao. 2019. “A multi-block sliding approach to calculate the permanent seismic displacement of slopes.” Eng. Geol. 255: 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.04.012.
Takaji, K. 2019. “Energy-based Newmark method for earthquake-induced slope displacements.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 121: 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.02.027.
Wartman, J., J. D. Bray, and R. B. Seed. 2003. “Inclined plane studies of the Newmark sliding block procedure.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (8): 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:8(673).
Yan, Z. X., X. H. Cao, L. P. Zhang, and H. D. Zhang. 2011. “Numerical analysis of loess slope dynamic response under earthquake.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil Mech. 32 (S2): 610–614. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2011.s2.109.
Yan, Z. X., B. Guo, X. He, and P. Jiang. 2012. “Study of effect of platform width on dynamic response and failure mechanism of stepped slops under earthquake.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil Mech. 33 (S2): 352–358. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2012.s2.042.
Ye, S., G. Fang, and Y. Zhu. 2019a. “Model establishment and response analysis of slope reinforced by frame with prestressed anchors under seismic considering the prestress.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 122: 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.03.034.
Ye, S.-h., and A.-p. Huang. 2020. “Sensitivity analysis of factors affecting stability of cut and fill multistage slope based on improved grey incidence model.” Soil Mech. Found. Eng. 57 (1): 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-020-09631-w.
Ye, S.-h., Y. L. Shi, X. N. Gong, and C. L. Chen. 2018. “Numerical analysis of earthquake response of multistage high slopes reinforced by frame structure with pre-stressed anchors.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 40 (S1): 153–158. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE2018S1025.
Ye, S.-h., and Z. F. Zhao. 2020. “Allowable displacement of slope supported by frame structure with anchors under earthquake.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (10): 04020188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001831.
Ye, S.-h., Z. F. Zhao, and Y. P. Zhu. 2019b. “Large-scale shaking table model test of loess slope supported by frame anchors.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil Mech. 40 (11): 4240–4248. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2018.2320.
Zhang, B., X. Wang, J. S. Zhang, J. H. Zhang, and F. Huang. 2018. “Three-dimensional seismic stability limit analysis of two-stage slope by kinematical approach.” [In Chinese.] China J. Highw. Transp. 31 (2): 86–96. https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2018.02.009.
Zhang, R. H., S. H. Ye, and H. Tao. 2021. “Stability analysis of multistage homogeneous loess slopes by improved limit equilibrium method.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil Mech. 42 (3): 813–825. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2020.0893.
Zhang, X., X. Zhang, and S. Ye. 2022. “Calculation for permanent displacement of single slip surface of multi-stage loess slope based on energy method.” Appl. Sci. 12 (17): 8426. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178426.
Zhou, C., Y. Chen, Q. Jiang, and W. Lu. 2011. “A generalized multi-field coupling approach and its application to stability and deformation control of a high slope.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 3 (3): 193–206. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1235.2011.00193.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 7, 2023
Accepted: May 17, 2023
Published online: Aug 29, 2023
Published in print: Nov 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 29, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.