Cut-Blasting Method Selection and Parameter Optimization for Rock Masses under High In Situ Stress
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 12
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the optimization of cut-blasting methods for deep rock masses under high in situ stress. Several plane fluid–structure interaction (FSI) models were established, and the blasting effects using common cut-blasting methods were analyzed. Considering the damage range of the rock mass and the blast-induced vibration after blasting, the cut-blasting method was selected as suitable for deep rock masses under high in situ stress. Subsequently, the cut-blasting parameters, including blasthole spacing, blasthole diameter, and the distance between the empty hole and the first cut-blasting hole, were optimized through the crack connectedness between the blastholes and the fractal dimension of the damaged rock mass. The results showed that the pentagonal cut-blasting method is more suitable for deep rock masses compared with other methods and the blasthole spacing should be reduced to resist any inhibitory effects from the increasing in situ stress. For in situ nonhydrostatic stress conditions, it is reasonable to choose a wider blasthole spacing in the direction of the major principal stress and a narrower one in the direction of the minor principal stress. Under high in situ stress, the joint optimization of blasthole spacing and blasthole diameter is recommended in order to avoid the poor cutting effect caused by too-narrow spacing. In addition, the formula for calculating the location of empty holes in shallow rock-mass blasting is also applicable to deep rock masses. The partially optimized results were preliminarily verified through comparison with existing field tests. These findings offer a new approach for enhancing the blasting effect on deep rock masses and may provide valuable guidance for the design and construction of cut blasting in deep rock masses.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52179102 and 51969015) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Grant Nos. 20204BCJ23002, 20224BAB214079, and 20204BCJ24004).
References
Adhikari, G. R., A. R. Babu, R. Balachander, and R. N. Gupta. 1999. “On the application of rock mass quality for blasting in large underground chambers.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 14 (3): 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(99)00052-8.
Ai, T., R. Zhang, H. W. Zhou, and J. L. Pei. 2014. “Box-counting methods to directly estimate the fractal dimension of a rock surface.” Appl. Surf. Sci. 314: 610–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.06.152.
Banadaki, M. D., and B. Mohanty. 2012. “Numerical simulation of stress wave induced fractures in rock.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 40: 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.08.010.
Chai, X., S. Shi, Y. Yan, J. Li, and L. Zhang. 2019. “Key blasting parameters for deep-hole excavation in an underground tunnel of phosphorite mine.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4924382.
Chen, S., L. Yang, A. Yang, C. Huang, and H. Xie. 2022. “Damage evolution and fragmentation behavior of pyramid cut blasting under uniaxial compression.” J. Mountain Sci. 19 (5): 1475–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-6809-0.
Cheng, B., H. Wang, Q. Zong, Y. Xu, M. Wang, Q. Zheng, and C. Li. 2020. “A study on cut blasting with large diameter charges in hard rock roadways.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2020: 8873412. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8873412.
Chi, L. Y., Z. X. Zhang, A. Aalberg, and C. C. Li. 2019. “Experimental investigation of blast-induced fractures in rock cylinders.” Rock Mech. 52: 2569–2584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01749-0.
Davis, L. L., and L. G. Hill. 2002. “ANFO cylinder tests.” AIP Conf. Proc. 620 (1): 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1483507.
Ding, C., R. Yang, and L. Yang. 2021. “Experimental results of blast-induced cracking fractal characteristics and propagation behavior in deep rock mass.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 142: 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104772.
Gao, J., S. Xie, X. Zhang, H. Wang, W. Gao, and H. Zhou. 2020. “Study on the 2D optimization simulation of complex five-hole cutting blasting under different lateral pressure coefficients.” Complexity 2020: 4639518. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4639518.
Gao, P., Q. Zong, B. Cheng, H. Wang, Y. Xu, and B. Zhang. 2022. “Investigation on cutting blasting efficiency of hard rock tunnels under different charge diameters.” Appl. Sci. 12 (19): 9906. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199906.
Hashemi, A. S., and P. Katsabanis. 2021. “Tunnel face preconditioning using destress blasting in deep underground excavations.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 117: 104126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104126.
Heidbach, O., M. Tingay, A. Barth, J. Reinecker, D. Kurfeß, and B. Müller. 2010. “Global crustal stress pattern based on the World Stress Map database release 2008.” Tectonophysics 482 (1–4): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.023.
Huo, X., X. Shi, X. Qiu, J. Zhou, Y. Gou, Z. Yu, and S. Zhang. 2022. “A study on raise blasting and blast-induced vibrations in highly stressed rock masses.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 123: 104407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104407.
Korshunov, G. I., M. L. Rudakov, and P. I. Afanasyev. 2016. “Justification of drilling and blasting parameters for the conditions of Vostochno-Beysky open-cut.” Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 11: 6168–6173.
Kury, J. W., H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, J. L. Mcdonnel, D. L. Ornellas, M. Finger, F. M. Strange, and M. L. Wilkins. 1965. “Metal acceleration by chemical explosives.” In Proc., 4th Symp. (Int.) on Detonation, 3–13. White Oak, MD: US Naval Ordnance Laboratory.
Li, X., Z. Zhu, M. Wang, D. Xiao, Y. Shu, and S. Deng. 2021. “Fracture mechanism of rock around a tunnel-shaped cavity with interconnected cracks under blasting stress waves.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 157: 103999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103999.
Li, X. D., K. W. Liu, J. C. Yang, and R. T. Song. 2022. “Numerical study on blast-induced fragmentation in deep rock mass.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 170: 104367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2022.104367.
LSTC (Livermore Software Technology Corporation). 2022. LS-DYNA keyword user’s manual Vol II, version R13. Livermore, CA: LSTC.
Luo, S., P. Yan, W. Lu, M. Chen, G. Wang, A. Lu, and X. Liu. 2021. “Effects of in-situ stress on blasting damage during deep tunnel excavation.” Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 46 (11): 11447–11458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05569-9.
Ma, L. H., X. Jiang, J. Chen, Y. F. Zhao, R. Liu, and S. Ren. 2021. “Analysis of damages in layered surrounding rocks induced by blasting during tunnel construction.” Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 21 (7): 2150089. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455421500899.
Man, K., X. Liu, J. Wang, and X. Wang. 2018. “Blasting energy analysis of the different cutting methods.” Shock Vib. 2018: 9419018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9419018.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1982. The fractal geometry of nature. New York: WH Freeman.
Meng, N., J. Bai, Y. Chen, X. Wang, W. Wu, B. Wu, and S. Liu. 2020. “Damage evolution mechanisms of rock induced by blasting with the aid of empty-hole effect.” Energies 13 (3): 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030756.
Mitchell, T. R., Z. Wang, M. Araos, C. R. Leonardi, P. R. Gefken, and I. A. Onederra. 2022. “Experimental and numerical investigation into the fracture patterns induced by blast-loading under unconfined and confined conditions.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 56: 2433–2455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03195-x.
Qiao, D. 2006. “Theoretical model and numerical analysis of millisecond delay time of parallel cut blasting in tunneling excavation.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 21: 386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.12.197.
Qu, S. J., X. B. Zheng, L. H. Fan, and Y. Wang. 2008. “Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes.” J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing 15 (3): 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(08)60040-7.
Riedel, W., K. Thoma, S. Hiermaier, and E. Schmolinske. 1999. “Penetration of reinforced concrete by BETA-B-500 numerical analysis using a new macroscopic concrete model for hydrocodes.” In Proc., 9th Int. Symp. Effects of Munitions with Structures. Berlin, Germany: Bundeswehr.
Soomro, M. A., A. Saand, N. Mangi, D. A. Mangnejo, H. Karira, and K. Liu. 2021. “Numerical modelling of effects of different multipropped excavation depths on adjacent single piles: Comparison between floating and end-bearing pile responses.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 25 (14): 2592–2622. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1638312.
Tawadrous, A. 2011. “Hard rocks under high strain-rate loading.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mining Engineering, Queen’s Univ.
Wang, H., Z. Wang, J. Wang, S. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Yin, and F. Li. 2021a. “Effect of confining pressure on damage accumulation of rock under repeated blast loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 156: 103961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103961.
Wang, J., T. Zuo, X. Li, Z. Tao, and J. Ma. 2021b. “Study on the fractal characteristics of the pomegranate biotite schist under impact loading.” Geofluids 2021: 1570160. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1570160.
Wang, X. 2010. Handbook of blasting. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.
Wang, Y., X. Shi, F. Wang, and X. Qiu. 2021c. “Optimization of blasting parameters of burn Cut in underground mine.” [In Chinese.] Min. Metall. Eng. 41: 36–40. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2021.05.009.
Wang, Z., H. Wang, J. Wang, and N. Tian. 2021d. “Finite element analyses of constitutive models performance in the simulation of blast-induced rock cracks.” Comput. Geotech. 135: 104172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104172.
Wu, S., and G. Wang. 2011. “Rock mechanical problems and optimization for the long and deep diversion tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 3 (4): 314–328. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2011.00314.
Xie, L., P. Yan, W. Lu, M. Chen, and G. Wang. 2018. “Comparison of seismic effects during deep tunnel excavation with different methods.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr. 17 (3): 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0452-y.
Xie, L. X., W. B. Lu, Q. B. Zhang, Q. H. Jiang, M. Chen, and J. Zhao. 2017. “Analysis of damage mechanisms and optimization of cut blasting design under high in-situ stresses.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 66: 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.03.009.
Xu, X., M. He, C. Zhu, Y. Lin, and C. Cao. 2019. “A new calculation model of blasting damage degree—Based on fractal and tie rod damage theory.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 220: 106619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106619.
Yang, D., X. Wang, Y. Wang, H. An, and Z. Lei. 2020. “Experiment and analysis of wedge cutting angle on cutting effect.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2020: 5126790. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5126790.
Yang, J., J. Sun, Y. Jia, and Y. Yao. 2022. “Energy generation and attenuation of blast-induced seismic waves under in situ stress conditions.” Appl. Sci. 12 (18): 9146. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189146.
Yang, J. H., C. Yao, Q. H. Jiang, W. B. Lu, and S. H. Jiang. 2017. “2D numerical analysis of rock damage induced by dynamic in-situ stress redistribution and blast loading in underground blasting excavation.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 70: 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.08.007.
Yi, C., D. Johansson, and J. Greberg. 2018. “Effects of in-situ stresses on the fracturing of rock by blasting.” Comput. Geotech. 104: 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.12.004.
Zare, S., and A. Bruland. 2006. “Comparison of tunnel blast design models.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 21 (5): 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.09.001.
Zhang, H., T. Li, S. Wu, X. Zhang, W. Gao, and Q. Shi. 2022. “A study of innovative cut blasting for rock roadway excavation based on numerical simulation and field tests.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 119: 104233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104233.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23 • Issue 12 • December 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 13, 2023
Accepted: May 22, 2023
Published online: Sep 18, 2023
Published in print: Dec 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Feb 18, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.