Capacity Change of Piles in Loess under Cyclic Axial Tension or Compression Load
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 10
Abstract
This study examines the capacity of single piles subjected to cyclic axial tension or compression load in the loess area under in situ compaction degree and extruding conditions. Four cyclic tension and compression loading tests, and two conventional tension and compression tests on single piles were carried out at a typical loess site of the Loess Plateau region of Northwest China's Shaanxi Province. A series of pretest preparations, including site leveling, steel cage production, pile formation, and soil compaction, are performed. The axial displacement of pile top, pile axial force, and frictional force of the pile side of a single pile measured in the test process were analyzed. The cyclic tension or compression load–displacement curves of the piles in loess, under the in situ compaction degree condition, show the load results in an influence of the movement trend that cannot be ignored. There is no overlap between the compression-unloading curve and tension-unloading curve. This phenomenon indicates that the cyclic loading accelerates the destruction of the pile foundation. Under an extruding condition, the difference between the maximum deformation and the minimum deformation is 2.412 mm, which is 60% of the ultimate deformation of a conventional single pile. The lateral friction of the pile shows multipeak distribution along the pile body, and the attenuation range of lateral friction strength at the pile tip is more than 50% in the failure stage.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the Youth Program of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20221136), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2022QN1037), and Open Fund of National Engineering Research Center of Highway Maintenance Technology (Changsha University of Science & Technology) (Grant No. kfj220104).
References
Abd Elaziz, A. Y., and M. H. El Naggar. 2012. “Axial behaviour of hollow core micropiles under monotonic and cyclic loadings.” Geotech. Test. J. 35 (2): 249–260.
Ai, Z. Y., and J. Han. 2009. “Boundary element analysis of axially loaded piles embedded in a multi-layered soil.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (3): 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.06.001.
Al-Mhaidib, A. 2012. “Experimental study on the effect of compressive loads on uplift capacity of model piles in sand.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 6 (1): 133–137. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2012.06.01.133-137.
Ashour, M., and H. Ardalan. 2012. “Analysis of pile stabilized slopes based on soil–pile interaction.” Comput. Geotech. 39: 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.001.
Brandenberg, S. J., R. W. Boulanger, B. L. Kutter, and D. Chang. 2005. “Behavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (11): 1378–1391. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1378).
Chan, S. F., and T. H. Hanna. 1980. “Repeated loading on single piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 106 (2): 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000920.
Das, B. M., and N. Sivakugan. 2018. Principles of foundation engineering. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Dash, B. K., and P. J. Pise. 2003. “Effect of compressive load on uplift capacity of model piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (11): 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(987).
Dickin, E. A., and C. F. Leung. 1992. “The influence of foundation geometry on the uplift behaviour of piles with enlarged bases.” Can. Geotech. J. 29 (3): 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1139/t92-054.
Funahara, H., S. Fujii, and S. Tamura. 2000. “Numerical simulation of pile failure in liquefied soil observed in large-scale shaking table test.” In Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Han, J., J. Wang, C. Cheng, C. Zhang, E. Liang, Z. Wang, J.-J. Song, and J. Leem. 2023a. “Mechanical response and parametric analysis of a deep excavation structure overlying an existing subway station: A case study of the Beijing subway station expansion.” Front. Earth Sci. 10: 1079837. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.1079837.
Han, J., J. Wang, D. Jia, F. Yan, Y. Zhao, X. Bai, N. Yan, G. Yang, and D. Liu. 2023b. “Construction technologies and mechanical effects of the pipe jacking crossing anchor cable group in soft stratum.” Front. Earth Sci. 10: 1019801. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.1019801.
Hong, Y., and C. W. Ng. 2013. “Base stability of multi-propped excavations in soft clay subjected to hydraulic uplift.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (2): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0170.
Küçükarslan, S. 2002. “Time domain dynamic analysis of piles under impact loading.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 22 (2): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00060-4.
Kuhlemeyer, R. L. 1979. “Vertical vibration of piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 105 (2): 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000770.
LeBlanc, C., G. T. Houlsby, and B. W. Byrne. 2010. “Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading.” Géotechnique 60 (2): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00196.
Liu, W., and M. Novak. 1994. “Dynamic response of single piles embedded in transversely isotropic layered media.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 23 (11): 1239–1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290231106.
Liu, X., S. S. C. Congress, G. Cai, L. Liu, and A. J. Puppala. 2022. “Evaluating the thermal performance of unsaturated bentonite-sand-graphite as buffer material for waste repository using an improved prediction model.” Can. Geotech. J. 60 (3): 301–320.
Liyanapathirana, D. S., and H. G. Poulos. 2005. “Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of piles in liquefying soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (12): 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:12(1480).
Madhusudan Reddy, K., and R. Ayothiraman. 2015. “Experimental studies on behavior of single pile under combined uplift and lateral loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (7): 04015030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001314.
MoC (Ministry of Construction). 2014. Technical code for testing of building foundation piles. JGJ 106-2014. Beijing: MoC.
Packer, M. L., S. J. d’Agostino, and H. D. Schreiner. 2022. “Systematic field test of non-destructive techniques for driven cast in situ pile lengths.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Geotech. Eng. 175 (1): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.20.00171.
Pecker, A., and M. Pender. 2000. “Earthquake resistant design of foundations: new construction.” In Proc., ISRM Int. Symp. Richardson, TX: OnePetro.
Poulos, H. G. 1989. “Cyclic axial loading analysis of piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 115 (6): 836–852. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:6(836).
Poulos, H. G., and E. H. Davis. 1980. Vol. 397 of Pile foundation analysis and design. New York: Wiley.
Rainer Massarsch, K., C. Wersäll, and B. H. Fellenius. 2022. “Vibratory driving of piles and sheet piles–state of practice.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Geotech. Eng. 175 (1): 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.20.00127.
Sedin, V., K. Bikus, and V. Kovba. 2017. “Investigation of redistribution of pile foundation forces under successive loading of its elements.” Civ. Environ. Eng. Rep. 27 (4): 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0055.
Seed, H. B., and L. C. Reese. 1957. “The action of soft clay along friction piles.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 122 (1): 731–754. https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0007501.
Shengxi, S., D. Jihui, and Y. Meng. 2020. “Comparative analysis of the compression and uplift bearing characteristics of PHC pipe pile on the same site.” Open Civ. Eng. J. 14 (1): 31–43. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502014010031.
Sun, Y., J. Cheng, Y. Li, Q. Chen, W. Zhang, and G. Shao. 2020. “Model test of the combined subgrade treatment by hydraulic sand fills and soil-cement mixing piles.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 79 (6): 2907–2918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01735-9.
Tang, X., and M. Yang. 2018. “Analysis of laterally-loaded piles in weathered rock slopes based on py curve method.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 14 (7): 809–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1498199.
Vipulanandan, C., K. Vembu, T. Brettmann, and V. Gattu. 2018. “Full-scale field test study of skin friction development in sand for ACIP piles under compressive and tensile loading conditions for bridge support.” In Proc., Int. Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo, 363–374. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Wang, X. Z., and L. F. Wang. 2010. “Study of a multi-element composite foundation of concrete columns and sand columns.” In Physical modelling in geotechnics, two volume Set, 1401–1406. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Whitaker, T. 1957. “Experiments with model piles in groups.” Geotechnique 7 (4): 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1957.7.4.147.
Yang, X. L., and J. F. Zou. 2008. “Displacement and deformation analysis for uplift piles.” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 15 (6): 906–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0165-x.
Zhong-miao, Z., Z. Qian-qing, and Y. Feng. 2011. “A destructive field study on the behavior of piles under tension and compression.” J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. A 12 (4): 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1000253.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 30, 2022
Accepted: Jun 1, 2023
Published online: Aug 9, 2023
Published in print: Oct 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 9, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zhe Li, Shixin Lv, Lulu Liu, Jia Guo, Tong Liu, Compressive Deformation Characteristics of Sintered Loess after Being Saturated with Water, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-9828, 24, 9, (2024).