Evaluation of the Effects of Climate Change and Environmental Parameters on Evaporation and Settlement of Unsaturated Soil
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 24, Issue 11
Abstract
Realistic estimates of evaporation from unsaturated soils, which are important for many geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications, need to be considered in the context of soil settlement, and require thermohydromechanical (THM) analysis. Evaporation also depends on environmental parameters, including air temperature, air relative humidity, net radiation, and wind speed. Therefore, a consideration of atmospheric coupling in predicting evaporation is also necessary. In this study, the two-dimensional model EVAP1––which numerically estimates evaporation from unsaturated soil using THM and employing a soil–atmosphere model––was used to conduct a parametric study in order to investigate the effects of variation in environmental parameters and to study the effects of climate change on potential and actual evaporation and soil settlement. We found that the evaporation rate increased nonlinearly with increases in air temperature, net radiation, and wind speed, but decreases with an increase in relative humidity. However, the effect of a change in wind speed was less than the effect of a change in the three other environmental parameters. In addition, the change in evaporation rate differed in different regions with different air temperatures. For example, the temperature change had more of an effect on the evaporation rate at higher temperatures. In addition, neglecting soil settlement led to an overestimation of evaporation, albeit the amount of evaporation was almost the same whether soil settlement was considered or not, both at the beginning of the evaporation process, when potential evaporation was dominant, and at the end, when the water content in both cases had decreased almost to the residual water content, and the evaporation was minimized. The difference in the amount of evaporation was greater in the middle of the evaporation process, when actual evaporation dominated.
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Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Acknowledgments
The first author would like to sincerely thank both K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran, and UWO, Canada, for their continuous support during this study.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 24 • Issue 11 • November 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 21, 2022
Accepted: Jan 13, 2024
Published online: Sep 3, 2024
Published in print: Nov 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 3, 2025
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Air temperature
- Analysis (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Evaporation
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Hydrologic engineering
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Mathematics
- Numerical analysis
- Parameters (statistics)
- Soil analysis
- Soil dynamics
- Soil mechanics
- Soil properties
- Soil settlement
- Soils (by type)
- Statistics
- Temperature (by type)
- Thermal properties
- Thermodynamics
- Unsaturated soils
- Water and water resources
Authors
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