Temporary Excavation in Varved Clay

Based on presented analyses, finite element modeling can be a useful and economic design tool, requiring reliable data relative not only to soil characteristics. With regard to soil characteristics, it appears that determinations of moduli based on empirical field evidence are more realistic than those based on conventional laboratory techniques. Finite element modeling provides a rational alternative to empirical means for predicting displacements. It allows for the establishment of displacement limits beyond which some preformulated contingency plan should be implemented. It permits analytical assessment of odd occurrences that might develop or late design changes that might be initiated during construction, e.g. the changeover from anchors to deadman ties at Hartford and the wall wracking at Bowline. Finite element modeling also serves as a natural supplement to instrumentation data.