Case Study of Climate Change Effects on a Water Distribution System Design in Ha Leronti, Lesotho, Africa
Publication: World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2024
ABSTRACT
Climate-change-driven water security has been declining rapidly in Lesotho, Africa, in recent years. This study provides a scenario for improvement of a gravity water distribution system, in which modifications to the existing tap system are proposed. The tap system was modeled in EPANET, a water distribution network solver. New pipe diameters were calculated to accommodate both the peak demand of the school campus and the basic daily water amount of 30 L per person for the village. Due to climate change, however, there is not enough water anymore to meet the required demands of local Basotho people, and they may have to migrate to areas where water is available. This case study serves as an example of a problem that will occur more and more in the world as climate change continues.
Get full access to this chapter
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Arnalich, S. (2010). Gravity Flow Water Supply, Santiago Arnalich, 57.
Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Lesotho Agricultural Census. Bureau of Statistics, ed., Ohttps://microdata.fao.org › catalog › pdf-documentation.
Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Summery Key Findings. Bureau of Statistics, ed. http://www.bos.gov.ls/2016%20Summary%20Key%20Findings.pdf.
Commissioner of Water. (2017). State of Water Resource Report - Fiscal Year 2016/2017. Ministry of Water, ed.
Exchange-Rates.org. (2021). US Dollars (USD) to Lesotho Maloti (LSL) exchange rate for December 11, 2017. <https://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/LSL/12-11-2017>. (2021).
Huffman, G. J., Stocker, E. F., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., and Tan, J. (2019). GPM IMERG Final Precipitation L3 1 month 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V06., Greenbelt, MD, USA, NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). Accessed 3/23/2021. https://doi.org/10.5067/GPM/IMERG/3B-MONTH/06.
Kingdom of Lesotho, and Republic of South Africa. (1986). Treaty on The Lesotho Highlands Water Project. http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhdaweb/Uploads/documents/Governance/LHWP_Treaty.pdf.
Kingdom of Lesotho, and Republic of South Africa. (2011). Agreement of Phase II of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Between the Goverment of the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Goverment of the Republic of South Africa. http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhdaweb/Uploads/documents/Governance/Singed_Phase_II_Agreement.pdf.
Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. (2016). Lesotho Highlands Development Authority Annual Report 2015/2016.
Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. (2021a). Lesotho Highland Development Authority: Our Story. <http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhdaweb/about/ourStory>. (2021).
Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. (2021b). Lesotho Highland Development Authority: Phase I. <http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhdaweb/projectphases/phasei>. (2021).
Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. (2021c). Lesotho Highland Development Authority: Phase II. <http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhdaweb/projectphases/phaseii>. (2021).
Mekbib, S. (2012). Assessment of the impacts and adaptive capacity of the Machobane Farming System to climate change in Lesotho.
Moeletsi, M. E., and Walker, S. (2013). Agroclimatological suitability mapping for dryland maize production in Lesotho. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 114(1), 227–236.
Mokuku, C. (2004). Lesotho: Second State of the Environment Report, 2002, National Environment Secretariat, Ministry of Tourism, Environment & Culture ….
Peterson, S. (2021). Case study of gravity-fed mountain spring tap system in Ha Leronti, Lesotho, Africa. MS Thesis, Michigan Technologicalo University, Houghto, MI., https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/1217/.
UNICEF. (2019). Lesotho multiple indicator cluster survey 2018: survey findings report.
USEPA. (2020). EPANET: Application for Modeling Drinking Water Distribution Systems. <https://www.epa.gov/water-research/epanet>. (2021).
World Bank. (2016). Lesotho Needs Enhanced Water Infrastructure to Build Climate Resilience, World Bank, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/09/14/lesotho-needs-enhanced-water-infrastructure-to-build-climate-resilience.
World Bank. (2019). Lesotho Poverty Assessment: Progress and Challenges in Reducing Poverty. World Bank.
Wurbs, R. A., and James, W. P. (2002). Water resources engineering, Prentice-Hall, 136;191–192.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2024
Pages: 886 - 899
History
Published online: May 16, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Business management
- Case studies
- Climate change
- Climates
- Design (by type)
- Developing countries
- Engineering fundamentals
- Environmental engineering
- Hydraulic design
- Hydraulic engineering
- Hydraulics
- Methodology (by type)
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Research methods (by type)
- Water and water resources
- Water management
- Water supply
- Water supply systems
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.