Chapter
May 9, 2024
Slipstream Heat Addition on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline: Thermal Risk Mitigation Strategies and Lessons Learned
Publication: Cold Regions Engineering 2024: Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Solutions for Changing Cold Regions
ABSTRACT
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), designed for a peak throughput of over 2 million barrels per day, operates at an average of less than 470,000 barrels per day (2023). At peak flow, the transit time from Prudhoe Bay to the Valdez Marine Terminal was 4.3 days; it is now more than 18 days. Frictional heating is now negligible, and the extended time in transit assures significant heat loss along the line which can become operationally critical in winter months. This paper describes the development of a strategy by the pipeline operator, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (APSC), to mitigate ice formation risks. This effort began in the mid-2000s and continues to this date. The paper details the mechanisms behind heat loss on the pipeline, the TAPS temperature gradient model, establishment of risk critical temperature thresholds, evaluation of heating methods (bulk versus slipstream), and the operation and performance of the three major “heating kits” and supplementary heating methods along TAPS. Finally, the paper will offer lessons learned to date, and how the lessons are being applied to improve future operations.
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Published online: May 9, 2024
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ASCE Technical Topics:
- Business management
- Design (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Flow (fluid dynamics)
- Flow duration
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid mechanics
- Hydrologic engineering
- Infrastructure
- Measurement (by type)
- Mitigation and remediation
- Pipeline design
- Pipeline systems
- Pipelines
- Practice and Profession
- Temperature effects
- Temperature measurement
- Thermal effects
- Thermodynamics
- Traffic engineering
- Transportation engineering
- Travel time
- Water and water resources
Authors
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Donald G. “Greg” Kinney, P.E.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Anchorage, AK
David Roberts, P.E.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Anchorage, AK
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Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.