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Back Matter
Jul 3, 2024

Back Matter for Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Buildings

Publication: Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Buildings: A Guideline
https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784485422.in
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Abstract

Back matter pages come after the papers or chapters in a published work. This back matter contains an index.

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Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables.
AAR
. See alkali–aggregate reaction
Absorption
157
Accessibility, agreements
4
Acetylated wood
216–217
ACI 318
24
Adhesion
157
Adhesive shear strength
231
Agreements
accessibility
4
authority
4
compensation
4
liability
4
services
3–4
Air leakage
162
AISC Steel Design Guide 27-Structural Stainless Steel (AISC 2022)
109
AITC Timber Construction Manual (AITC)
203
Alkali–aggregate reaction (AAR)
57
Alkali–carbonate reaction
47–48
Alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ)
224
Alkali–silica reaction (ASR)
48–49, 48f
Allowable property
206
Alloy steel
110
Aluminum alloys
120
Aluminum Design Manual
109
American Softwood Lumber Standard
206
Anchorage device
64
Angle to grain load
230
Annual ring
206
Architects
5
Architectural features of masonry
168–170
control joints, condition of
169, 170f
damp course, condition of
169
dampproofing, condition of
169
expansion joints, condition of
170
flashing, condition of
168
location, condition of
170
roofing, condition of
169
ASR
. See alkali–silica reaction
Assemblages, properties of masonry
161–162
compressive strength
162
concentrated load capacity
162
deformability
162
flexural tensile strength
162
modulus of rupture
162
secant modulus of elasticity
162
shear strength
162
tensile load capacity
162
transverse load capacity
162
Assessment
7–18
definition
4
personnel involved in
3
procedure
7–18
approach
7, 9–11
condition assessment considerations
9–11
detailed assessment
15–18
general
7, 8f
preliminary assessment
11–14
purpose of
2
scope level
2–3
detailed assessment
3
preliminary assessment
2–3
structural materials
19
ASTM E122
72
Atmospheric corrosion
116–117, 117f
Attributes
4
Authority, agreements
4
Autoclave crazing
158
AWC National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction (AWC)
203
Basic stress
206
Bending
214
Bleeding channels
49
Blistering
36, 162
Bowing
167
Breakout strength, concrete
36
Brick and Tile Engineering: Handbook of Design
155
Bug holes
36
Building
5
Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/602)
155
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318)
33
Bulging
167
Bulk-specific gravity
158
Calcite streak
162
Carbonation
49
Carbon steel
111
Cast-in-place concrete
47
Cast-in-place concrete structures
46–47
Cast iron
119
Cement–aggregate reaction
49
Cementitious materials
36
Cement soundness
57
Chalking
36
Chemical degradation
49
Chemical resistance
158
Chipping
167
Client
5
Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 562)
33
Code Requirements for Load Testing of Existing Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 437.2)
33–34
Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual (AISI 2017)
109
Cold joint
36
Combined wood structural elements
219
Common building materials
33–259
concrete structure, condition assessment of
33–109
behavior, influencive factors of
56–67
characteristics and properties, terminology related to
35–42
concrete as material
34–35
connectors and connections
69–70
characteristics and properties
70
deterioration, mechanism of
71
physical and mechanical properties of
70–71
historic construction, considerations with
68–69
mechanisms of concrete deterioration
47–56
physical and mechanical properties
42–46
products
46–47
reasons for conducting
34
test methods (comprehensive assessment charts)
74, 75t–109t
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
71–72, 73t, 74
load test methods
257, 258t–259t
masonry structure, condition assessment
155–202
anchors
172
behavior, influencive factors
173
characteristics and properties
157–160
condition of
155
connections
172, 174
connectors
characteristics and properties
174
deterioration, mechanisms of
175
physical and mechanical properties of
175
deterioration, mechanisms of
172–173
grout
171
in historic construction
176
joint reinforcement
172
manufactured masonry units
171
masonry ties
172
as material
156–157
mortar
171
natural dimension stones
171
other materials
172
physical and mechanical properties of
160–171
reasons for
155–156
reinforcing steel bars
172
test methods (comprehensive assessment chart)
180, 181t–202t
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
176–177, 178t–179t, 180
metal structure, condition assessment of
109–154
characteristics and properties
110–114
connections
120
connectors
characteristics and properties
120
deterioration, mechanisms of
123
evaluation of physical conditions of
152t–154t
evaluation of properties of
150t–151t
physical and mechanical properties of
121–123
historic construction
119–120
as material
110
metal behavior, influencing factors
116
metal deterioration, mechanisms of
116–119
physical and mechanical properties of
114–115
products
115
reasons for conducting
110
structural steel, evaluation of physical conditions of
148t–149t
structural steel, evaluation of properties of
146t–147t
test methods (comprehensive assessment charts)
126
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
124–126, 125t, 127t–145t
wood structures, condition assessment of
202–256
behavior, influencive factors
224–227
characteristics and properties
204–213
connections
229–230
connector
characteristics and properties
230–231
deterioration, mechanisms of
232–233
physical and mechanical properties of
231–232
deterioration, mechanisms of
219–224
in historic construction
227–229
as material
204
physical and mechanical properties
213–214
reasons for
203–204
test methods (comprehensive assessment charts)
236, 237t–258t
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
233–234, 235t
wood products
215–219
Compensation, agreements
4
Component
nonstructural
5
structural
5
Compression parallel to grain
214
Compression perpendicular to grain
214
Compression wood
206
Compressive strength
158, 162
of concrete
36
of masonry structure
158
timber joint
232
Computational analysis
5
Concrete
behavior, influencive factors of
56–67
concrete deterioration, causes of
56–60
prestressing steel deterioration, causes of
64–68
reinforcing steel deterioration, causes of
60–63
breakout strength
36
characteristics/properties
35–42
compressive strength of
36
cover
37
cracking on
39
definition
36
deterioration, causes of
56–60
AAR
57
accident and overloading damage
56–57
cement soundness
57
contaminated water and aggregates
58
cracking
58–59
degradation
59
delamination
58–59
electrical resistivity
59
fatigue
59–60
fire
60
freezing and thawing
60
poor detailing
60
scaling
58–59
spalling
58–59
sulfate attack
60
deterioration, mechanisms of
47–56
alkali–carbonate reaction
47–48
alkali–silica reaction (ASR)
48–49, 48f
bleeding channels
49
carbonation
49
cement–aggregate reaction
49
chemical degradation
49
chloride attack
49
contaminated aggregate
50
contaminated mixing water
50
cracking
50
cross-sectional properties
50
delamination
50, 51f–52f
discoloration
51
disintegration
51
distortion
52
efflorescence
52, 53f
erosion
52
freeze–thaw damage
52, 54f
honeycomb
52
leaching
52
popout
53
scaling
53–54, 55f
stratification
56
sulfate attack
56
unsound cement
56
in historic construction, considerations with
68–69
as material
34–35
NDT methods for determining chemical and physical properties of
80t–83t
NDT methods for determining physical conditions of
84t–90t
physical and mechanical properties
42–46
absorption
42–43
acidity
43
air content
43
carbonation
43
cement content
43
chemical content
43
chloride content
43–44, 44f
compressive strength
44–45
creep
45
elongation
45
modulus of elasticity
45
modulus of rupture
45
moisture content
45
permeability
45
proportions of aggregate
45
pullout strength
45
resistance to freezing and thawing
46
soundness
46
splitting tensile strength
46
tensile strength
46
uniformity of mix
46
unit weight
46
water–cement ratio
46
plain (without reinforcement)
35–36
precast
37
prestressed
37
products
46–47
reinforced
35–37
relative assessment value for
73t–74t
steel fiber-reinforced
37
test methods
comprehensive assessment charts
74, 75t–109t
for determining chemical and physical properties of
75t–79t
preliminary assessment chart
71–72, 73t, 74
uniformity of
42
Concrete connectors
characteristics and properties
70
deterioration, mechanism of
71
physical and mechanical properties of
70–71
corrosion protection
70
cover
70
cross-sectional properties
70
dimensional location
70
ductility
70
elongation
71
exposure
70
fatigue properties
71
modulus of elasticity
71
shape
70
tensile strength
71
yield strength
71
Concrete structure, condition assessment of
33–109
behavior, influencive factors of
56–67
characteristics and properties, terminology related to
35–42
concrete as material
34–35
concrete products
46–47
connectors and connections
69–70
characteristics and properties
70
deterioration, mechanism of
71
physical and mechanical properties of
70–71
historic construction, considerations with
68–69
mechanisms of concrete deterioration
47–56
physical and mechanical properties
42–46
reasons for conducting
34
test methods
comprehensive assessment charts
74, 75t–109t
preliminary assessment chart
71–72, 73t, 74
Connections
5, 69–70, 120
Control joints, condition of
169, 170f
Copper azole (CuAz)
224
Corrosion
37, 61–62, 62f–63f, 64–66, 116–117, 117f
Cover, specified concrete
37
Coving
163
Cracks/cracking
37, 50, 163, 163f, 167, 168f
Craze cracks
37
Crazing
37
Cross grain
209
Cross-laminated timber (CLT)
216
Cross-sectional properties
of concrete
50
of metal
111
Crumbling
163
Cryptoflorescence
163
Curling
37
Damp course, condition of
169
Dampproofing, condition of
169
D-cracks
37
Decomposition of wood substance
207
Defect
207
Deflection
37, 167
Deformation
37, 230
Delamination
37, 50, 51f–52f, 163, 164f
Dense, wood
207
Density, wood
207
Design professional
5
Destructive testing
5
Detach/detachment
167
Deterioration
37–38, 163, 165f
Dew point
163
Diagonal crack
38
Dimensional stabilization, wood
207
Dimensions
158
Direct chemical attack
111
Discoloration
38, 51
Disintegration
38, 51
Displacement
167
Distortion
52, 158, 167
Driving rain index
164
Drop panel
38
Drying shrinkage
158
Duct
38
Ductility
111
Durability
38
Durability of wood
207
Duration of load
207
Dusting
38
Earlywood
208
Eccentricity
230
Edge distance
38
Edge knot, wood
210
Efflorescence
38, 52, 53f, 158, 164, 165f
Electrolytic/electrochemical corrosion
111
Elongated bolt holes
230
Elongation
111
Embedments
38
End check, wood
206
End grain
209
Engineers
5
Equilibrium moisture content
208
Equipment
3
E-rated lumber
208
Erosion
52, 164
Evaluation
5
basis of
22
considerations
22–24
data interpretation
22
load tests
23–24
material properties
22
overturning and sliding of structures
24
safety measures
23
sample size significance
22–23
stability
24
stiffness
24
system approach
23
definition
21
interpretation of
24–25
procedures
21
and acceptance criteria
21
general
21
new methods
21
recognized reliable methods for
21
Executive summary
28
Exfoliation
38, 164
Expansion joints, condition of
170
Fastener
120
Fatigue
62–63
cracking
111
properties
111, 111f
strength
214
Fiber
204
Fiber saturation point
208
Fick's law
44
Field Guide: Safety Evaluation of Buildings after Windstorms and Floods (ATC-45)
7
Fire retardant
208
Flashing, condition of
168
Flat grain
209
Form factor
208
Fracture cracking
111–112, 112f–113f
Fracture properties
112
Freeze–thaw damage
52, 54f
Freeze–thaw resistance
158
Friability
164
Fuzzy wood
208
Geometry
of structural components
112
of structure
113
Grade, wood
208–209
Grain
209
Green wood
210
Grout
161
aggregate characteristics
161
characteristics
161
constituent portions
161
deterioration
173
paste characteristics
161
physical conditions of
170–171
air content
170
alignment
170
bed joint levelness
170
bed width variation
170
condition
170
cracking
170
exposure of embedded metal components
170
friability
171
hardness
171
pitting
171
sandiness
171
voids
171
Guide for Assessment of Concrete Structures before Rehabilitation (ACI 364.1R)
33
Guide for Condition Assessment of Masonry Structures (ASTM C1496)
155
Guide for Conducting a Visual Inspection of Concrete in Service (ACI 201.1R)
33
Guide for the Evaluation of Masonry Facade Structures
155
Hairline cracks
38
Hanger torsional moment capacity
232
Hanger vertical load capacity
232
Hardboard
218
Hardness
120, 209
Hardwoods (deciduous species)
205–206
Heart check, wood
206
Heartwood
209
Holes, wood
210
Honeycomb
38, 52
Hydrogen embrittlement
66–68
definition
66
inadequate grouting and
66–67
stress corrosion cracking and
67–68
Imperfection
113
Imperviousness
158
Incise, wood
210
Incrustation
38
Initial rate of absorption (IRA)
158–159
In situ stresses
113
Inspection
113
International Building Code (IBC)
24
Interstitial condensation
164
Investigation
5
IRA
. See initial rate of absorption
Joint, wood
210
Joint fault
38
Juvenile wood
210
Knot, wood
210
Laitance
38–39
Laminar tearing
113
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
216
Lamination, wood
210
Latewood
210
Leaching
52
Leakage
39
Liability
4
Load test methods
257, 258t–259t
Location, condition of
170
Longitudinal cracks
39
Longitudinal wood
210
Lower tail, wood
210
Manual of practice
1
Map cracking
39
Masonry structure, condition assessment of
155–202
anchors
172
assemblages, components of
171–172
anchors
172
connections
172
joint reinforcement
172
manufactured masonry units
171
masonry ties
172
mortar and grout
171
natural dimension stones
171
other materials
172
reinforcing steel bars
172
behavior, influencive factors
173
deterioration
173
moisture
173
temperature
173
characteristics and properties
157–160
absorption
157
adhesion
157
autoclave crazing
158
bulk-specific gravity
158
chemical resistance
158
compressive strength
158
dimensions
158
distortion
158
drying shrinkage
158
efflorescence
158
freeze–thaw resistance
158
imperviousness
158
initial rate of absorption
158–159
mass determination
159
modulus of elasticity
159
modulus of rupture
159
moisture content
159
moisture expansion
159
net area
159
opacity
159
sampling
159
saturation coefficient
159
secant modulus of elasticity
159
size
159
solubility
160
splitting tensile strength
160
surface texture
160
thermal expansion
160
void area ratio in cored units
160
warping
160
water absorption
160
Young's modulus
160
condition of
155
connections
172, 174
connectors
characteristics and properties
174
chemical additives within
175
chemical composition
175
condition of
174
corrosion
174
cross-sectional properties
174
deformation
174
deterioration, mechanisms of
175
elongation
175
fire and
175
geometry
174
hardness
175
lateral resistance
175
mechanical damage
175
moisture
175
physical and mechanical properties of
175
proof load
175
tensile strength
175
yield strength
175
deterioration, mechanisms of
172–173
environmental attack
172
inadequate architectural features
173
mortar and grout deterioration
173
structural incompatibility
172–173
grout
171
in historic construction
176
materials
176
structures
176
joint reinforcement
172
manufactured masonry units
171
masonry ties
172
as material
156–157
mortar
171
natural dimension stones
171
other materials
172
physical and mechanical properties of
160–171
architectural
168–170
assemblages
161–162
grout
161, 170–171
masonry units and masonry assemblages (environmental)
162–166
mortar
161, 170–171
structural
166–168
reasons for
155–156
environmental damage
156
material properties’ questions
155
moisture issues
156
observed deterioration
156
strength/stiffness questions
156
structural capacity and performance
156
reinforcing steel bars
172
test methods (comprehensive assessment chart)
180, 181t–202t
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
176–177, 178t–179t, 180
sample size
177, 180
Masonry units and masonry assemblages (environmental)
162–166
air leakage
162
blistering
162
calcite streak
162
coving
163
cracking
163, 163f
crazing
163
crumbling
163
cryptoflorescence
163
delamination
163, 164f
deterioration
163, 165f
dew point
163
driving rain index
164
efflorescence
164, 165f
erosion
164
exfoliation
164
friability
164
interstitial condensation
164
peeling
164
pitting
164
rising damp
164, 166f
salt fretting
165
spalling
165, 169f
staining
166
sugaring
166
surface condensation
166
surface deposits/surface induration
166
surface temperature
166
tidemark
166
transition area
166
warping
166
water penetration/permeance
166
weathering
166
Mass determination
159
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
218
Metal structure, condition assessment of
109–154
behavior, influencing factors
116
characteristics and properties
110–114
connections
120
connectors
breaking strength
121
characteristics and properties
120
chemical composition
121
coating mass
121
condition
121
corrosion
121
cracks
121
cross-sectional properties
121
deformation
121
deterioration, mechanisms of
123
dimensions
122
discontinuities
122
elongation
122
evaluation of physical conditions of
152t–154t
evaluation of properties of
150t–151t
hardness
122, 122f
length
122
location
122
nonbinding condition
122
physical and mechanical properties of
121–123
porosity
122
profile
122
proof load
122
reduction in area
122–123
size
123
slag deposit
123
slotted holes for movement
123
smoothness
123
soundness
123
stress at 0.7% extension
123
tensile strength
123
tensile strength of filler material
123
tightness
123
uniformity
123
yield strength of filler material
123
deterioration, mechanisms of
116–119
corrosion
116–117, 117f
damage from accidents
119
fatigue
117–118
stress corrosion
119
historic construction
119–120
as material
110
physical and mechanical properties of
114–115
bracing of compression elements and members
114
carbon content
114
chemical composition
114
deformations of members
114–115
global/local buckling
115, 115f
stiffness
115
strength
115
torsional rigidity
115
products
115
reasons for conducting
110
connections
110
deterioration observations
110
fire
110
moisture concerns
110
strength/stiffness questions
110
structural steel
evaluation of physical conditions of
148t–149t
evaluation of properties of
146t–147t
test methods (comprehensive assessment charts)
126
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
124–126, 125t, 127t–154t
sample size
124, 126
Modulus of elasticity
39, 45, 113, 159, 214
Modulus of rupture
45, 159
Moisture content
159, 210
Moisture expansion
159
Moisture gradient, wood
210
Mortar
aggregate characteristics
161
characteristics
161
constituent portions
161
deterioration
173
paste characteristics
161
physical conditions of
170–171
air content
170
alignment
170
bed joint levelness
170
bed width variation
170
condition
170
cracking
170
exposure of embedded metal components
170
friability
171
hardness
171
pitting
171
sandiness
171
voids
171
National Design Specification for Wood Construction (AWS)
213
Necking
122–123
Net area of concrete masonry
159
Nominal size, wood
211
Nondestructive testing
5
On-site (in situ) load testing
6
Opacity
159
Oriented strand board (OSB)
218
Overstressing
113
Particleboard
218
Patina
117
Pattern cracking
39
Peeling
39, 164
Personnel qualifications
3
Pitch, wood
211
Pith, wood
211
Pith check
. See heart check, wood
Pitting
39, 164
Plain concrete (without reinforcement)
35–36
Plainsawn
. See flat grain
Plastic shrinkage cracking
39
Plumbness
167
Plywood
218
Popout
39–40, 53
Post-Earthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings (ATC 20-1)
7
Posttensioning
40
Potholes
59
Precast concrete
37, 47
Precast concrete structures
46–47
Preliminary assessment
11–14
Preservative, wood
211
Pressure-treated wood
211
Prestressed concrete
37
Prestressing steel deterioration, causes of
64–68
anchor
64
anchorage device
64
corrosion
64–66
hydrogen embrittlement
66–68
Pretensioning
40
Principles of Tile Engineering and Principles of Brick Engineering and Recommended Practice for Engineered Brick Masonry
155
Proof load
113
Punky, wood
211
Radial, wood
211
Raised grain
209
Rate of growth, wood
211
Reduction of area
113
Reinforced concrete
35–37
Reinforcement
deformed
40
nonprestressed
40
plain
40
prestressed
40
spiral
41
welded deformed steel bar mat
40
welded wire
40
Reinforcing steel deterioration, causes of
corrosion
61–62, 62f–63f
fatigue
62–63
Report on Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures (ACI 228.2)
33
Report on structural condition assessment
27–31, 261–264
appendixes
31
code conformance
30
computational analysis
30
conclusions
31
description of structure
collected data
29
general
29
history
29
discussion of site visit
observations and their significance
30
overview
29
survey
30
executive summary
28
final computational analysis
30
input from other disciplines
30
introduction
meetings
29
methods and techniques
29
purpose of assessment
28
scope of investigation
28
recommendations
31
scope of investigation
28
cursory assessment
28
detailed assessment
28
preliminary assessment
28
survey
28
testing
28
summary of study
31
test program
30
Residue
38–39
Rising damp
164, 166f
Roofing, condition of
169
Rotational lateral stiffness
113
Sagging
167
Salt fretting
165
Sampling
159
Sand
pocket
40
streak
40
Sapwood
211
Saturation coefficient
159
Sawn lumber
211
Scaling
40, 53–54, 55f
SCC
. See stress corrosion cracking
Seasoning, wood
211
Secant modulus of elasticity
159
Segregation
40
Seismic Evaluation of Existing Structures (ASCE 31)
1
Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Structures (ASCE 41)
1
Services, agreements
3–4
Settlement
167
Shake
212
Shear parallel to grain
214
Shear strength
113
Shear wall in-plane properties
113
Sheathing
40
Shrinkage
168, 212
Shrinkage cracking
40–41
Size
159
Size factor, wood
212
Slope of grain
212
Softwoods (coniferous species)
205
Solid sawn lumber
215
Solid sawn timber
215
Solubility
160
Sound wood
212
Spall
39, 41
Spalling
59, 165, 168, 169f
Specifications for Repair of Concrete in Buildings (ACI 563)
34
Specific gravity
212, 214
Spike knot, wood
210
Spiral grain
209
Spiral reinforcement
41
Split
212
Splitting tensile strength
160
Springwood
. See earlywood
Stain
212
Staining
41, 166
Stainless steel
113
Stalactite
41
Stalagmite
41
Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Façades
155
Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, with a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process (ASTM E122)
22
State-of-the-art practices
19
Steel
114
Steel Construction Manual (AISC 2022)
109
Steel fiber-reinforced concrete
37
Stirrup
41
Straight-grained wood
209
Strain
114
Stratification
41, 56
Strength, wood
212
Strength ratio, wood
212
Strength-reducing defects
212
Stress
114
Stress corrosion
119
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
67–68
Stressed-skin panels and structural insulated panels (SIPS)
219
Structural assessment and evaluation procedure for existing buildings
7–18
approach
7, 9–11
condition assessment considerations
9–11
cautionary
9–10
concealed defect potential
10
construction quality confidence
10
design quality confidence
10
environmental exposure
9
loading
10
load path
10
occupancy
10
physical
9
potential failure states
11
significance of considered assembly
11
unusual
11
detailed assessment
15–18
building features
15–16
building investigation
16
capacities of existing systems/members
17
cost-impact study
18
critical systems/members
17
detailing practices
17
document review
15–16
findings
18
loading and performance criteria to
17
material properties
17
of nonstructural components
17
recommendations
18
required capacities of systems/members
17
structural evaluation
18
of structural system
16
general
7, 8f
preliminary assessment
11–14
available documents review
11
component analysis
13
cost-impact study
14
loading and performance criteria
12–13
material properties
13
nonstructural components
13–14
preliminary analysis
12–14
recommendations of
14
results of
14
site investigation
11–12
structural components
13
structural evaluation
14
Structural composite lumber
216
Structural materials assessment
19
references
265–270
supplementary references
271–278
Structural performance
41
Sugaring
166
Sulfate attack
56
Surface check, wood
206
Surface condensation
166
Surface deposits/surface induration
166
Surface temperature
166
Surface texture
160
Swelling
168
System
6
Tangential
212
Temperature cracking
41
Tendon
41
bonded
42
external
42
unbonded
42
Tensile strength
114
of fastener
232
parallel to grain
214
perpendicular to grain
214
Tension wood
212
Testing laboratory
6
Test method
114
TFEC Guide to Structural Evaluation of Existing Timber Structures and Structural Timber Assessment Using Nondestructive Evaluation
203
Thermal expansion
160
Thickness, wood
212
Tidemark
166
Tie
42
Timber joint compressive strength
232
Timber joint tensile capacity
232
Transition area
166
Transverse
213
Transverse cracks
42
Treatment, wood
213
Trusses
217–218
Ultimate loading
114
Uniformity of concrete
42
Unsound cement
56
Void area ratio in cored units
160
Warping
42, 160, 166, 168
Water absorption
160
Water-cementitious materials ratio
42
Water–cement ratio
46
Water penetration/permeance
166
Weathering
166, 213
Weathering steel
116, 120
Width, wood
213
Wood-based product
213
Wood composite panels
218
Wood-destroying organisms
213
Woods species
205–206
hardwoods (deciduous species)
205–206
softwoods (coniferous species)
205
Wood structures, condition assessment of
202–256
behavior, influencive factors
224–227
deterioration
225–226
duration of load and creep
226–227
moisture
224–225
structural grade
226
temperature
227
characteristics and properties
204–213
allowable property
206
American Softwood Lumber Standard
206
annual ring
206
basic stress
206
brashness
206
characteristic value
206
check
206
clear
206
compression wood
206
cross break
207
decay
207
defect
207
dense
207
density
207
dimensional stabilization
207
durability
207
duration of load
207
earlywood
208
equilibrium moisture content
208
e-rated lumber
208
fiber saturation point
208
fire retardant
208
form factor
208
fuzzy wood
208
grade
208–209
grain
209
hardness
209
heartwood
209
holes
210
incise
210
joint
210
juvenile wood
210
knot
210
lamination
210
latewood
210
longitudinal
210
lower tail
210
moisture content
210
moisture gradient
210
nominal size
211
pitch
211
pith
211
preservative
211
pressure-treated wood
211
punky
211
radial
211
rate of growth
211
sapwood
211
sawn lumber
211
seasoning
211
shake
212
shrinkage
212
size factor
212
slope of grain
212
sound wood
212
specific gravity
212
split
212
stain
212
strength
212
strength ratio
212
strength-reducing defects
212
tangential
212
tension wood
212
thickness
212
transverse
213
treatment
213
weathering
213
width
213
wood-based product
213
woods species
205–206
connections
229–230
connectors
adhesive shear strength
231
angle to grain load
230
characteristics and properties
230–231
chemical
232–233
chemical composition
231
condition of
230
corrosion
230
cross-sectional properties
230
deformation
230
detailing
230
deterioration, mechanisms of
232–233
eccentricity
230
elongated bolt holes
230
elongation
231
fire temperature and
233
glue, condition of
230
hanger torsional moment capacity
232
hanger vertical load capacity
232
hardness
231
lateral resistance
231
mechanical damage
233
moisture
232
nails and screws, penetration of
231
physical and mechanical properties of
231–232
proof load
231
resistance to delamination
231
splits at connection
231
tensile strength
232
tensile strength of fastener
232
tightness
231
timber joint compressive strength
232
timber joint tensile capacity
232
withdrawal strength
232
yield strength
232
deterioration, mechanisms of
219–224
chemical attack
223–224
fire
222
fungal attack
219–222, 220f–221f
mechanical damage
222–223
in historic construction
227–229
structures
227–228
tension parallel to grain reference design values
228–229
as material
204
physical and mechanical properties
213–214
bending
214
compression parallel to grain
214
compression perpendicular to grain
214
fatigue strength
214
modulus of elasticity
214
shear parallel to grain
214
specific gravity
214
tensile strength parallel to grain
214
tensile strength perpendicular to grain
214
reasons for
203–204
connections
203
deterioration concerns
203
fire
203
prior or proposed modifications and alterations
203
strength/stiffness questions
203
test methods (comprehensive assessment charts)
236, 237t–258t
test methods (preliminary assessment chart)
233–234, 235t
wood products
215–219
combined wood structural elements
219
solid sawn lumber and timber
215
stressed-skin panels and structural insulated panels
219
structural composite lumber
216–218
structural wood panel products
218
trusses
217–218
Wood substance
213
Wrought iron
119
Yield strength
42, 71, 114, 123, 125, 175, 232
Young's modulus
160

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Go to Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Buildings
Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Buildings: A Guideline
Pages: 291 - 304
ISBN (Online): 978-0-7844-8542-2

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© 2024 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

History

Published online: Jul 3, 2024

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