International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019
Fire following Earthquake Risk Assessment: The City of Los Angeles’ Efforts toward Water System Seismic Resilience and Sustainability
Publication: International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019: Leading Resilient Communities through the 21st Century
ABSTRACT
As part of the Los Angeles water system implementing a resilience program, a planning-level study was undertaken to quantify post-earthquake firefighting water demands, for which a model was developed to quantify ignitions and firefighting water requirements for five earthquake scenarios. The model estimated the building stock, earthquake ground motions, post-earthquake ignitions, fire department operations, available firefighting water supply, fire spread, and water required per fire. Model results were validated against the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Three of the five scenarios are very severe events, causing over 100 ignitions each, with two events—Puente Hills Mw 7.0 and Santa Monica Mw 6.8 probably exceeding the fire department’s capacity. These results are useful for assessing the water system’s ability to meet the fire flow demands in a post-earthquake damaged state. Further hydraulic assessments will help identify and prioritize system improvements.
Get full access to this chapter
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Benfer, Matthew E, and Joseph, L Scheffey. 2015. Evaluation of fire flow methodologies: Springer.
Bonneau, Amanda L, and Thomas D O'Rourke. 2009. "Water supply performance during earthquakes and extreme events." Pp. 256. Buffalo: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
City of Los Angeles, 2015, “Sustainable City pLAn,” http://plan.lamayor.org/.
City of Los Angeles, 2018, “Resilient Los Angeles,” http://lamayor.org/resilience/.
City of Los Angeles, 2018, "City of Los Angeles 2018 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan," Tetra Tech Project # 103S4869 https://emergency.lacity.org/sites/g/files/wph496/f/2018_LA_HMP_Final_2018-11-30.pdf
Davidson, R. 2009. "Generalized Linear (Mixed) Models Of Post-Earthquake Fire Ignitions." Pp. 81 pp. Buffalo: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Davis, C. A. 2018a. “Assuring Seismic Resilience for the Los Angeles Water System,” 11thNational Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, paper 512, June 25-29, 2018, Los Angeles, CA.
Davis, C. A. 2018b. “Creating a Seismic Resilient Pipe Network for Los Angeles,” ASCE Pipelines Conference 2018, UESI, paper 384423, Toronto, CN, July 2018.
DHS. 2003. "Multi-Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, Earthquake Model, Hazus-Mh Mr3 Technical Manual." Pp. 699 pp. Washington, DC.: Developed by: Department of Homeland Security, Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate, FEMA Mitigation Division Washington, D.C. Under a contract with: National Institute of Building Sciences.
Field, Edward H., Hope A. Seligson, Nitin Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Thomas H. Jordan, and Kenneth W. Campbell. 2005. "Loss Estimates For A Puente Hills Blind-Thrust Earthquake In Los Angeles, California." Earthquake Spectra Vol. 21(2, pp. 329-338. May).
Grimwood, Paul, and Cliff Barnett. 2005. "Fire-fighting flow-rate." London Fire Brigade (retired), www.firetactics.com.
Hadjisophocleous, George V, and JK Richardson. 2005. "Water flow demands for firefighting." Fire Technology 41(3):173-91.
Jang, D. B. 2016. "Water, water not everywhere," University of California, Los Angeles, Urban and REgional Planning, prepared for Mayor's Office of Public Safety.
Lee, Selina, Rachel Davidson, Norihito Ohnishi, and Charles Scawthorn. 2008. "Fire Following Earthquake - Reviewing The State-Of-The-Art Of Modeling." Earthquake Spectra 24(4):933-67 pp.
Levien, H. 2017. "Fueling the Fire," Coro Souther Californi, University of Southern California, Sprin PRoject prepared for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. 2014. "Water System Seismic Resilience and Sustainability Program." Pp. 30. Los Angeles. www.ladwp.com
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, 2015, “Preliminary Plan to Improve the Water System for Managing the Fire Following Earthquake Risks,” Prepared by Water System July 2015.
LADWP (Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power). 2019. Performance Based Seismic Design for LADWP Water System. prepared by C. Davis, January 2, 2019, version 1. www.ladwp.com
Mayoral Seismic Safety Task Force. 2014. "Resilience by Design." Pp. 126. Los Angeles: Office of the Mayor, City of Los Angeles.
Mizuno, H. 1978. "On Outbreak Of Fires In Earthquakes." in Department of Architecture. Kyoto: Kyoto University.
Porter, K.A. 2018. "A new model of water-network resilience, with application to the HayWired scenario." in The HayWired earthquake scenario—Engineering Implications: chap. N edited by S.T. Detweiler, and Wein, A.M.: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5013–I–Q.
Romero, N., T.D. O’Rourke, L.K. Nozick, C.A. Davis, 2010, “Seismic Hazards and Water Supply Performance,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Taylor & Francis, Vol. 14, Issue 7 Pages 1022 – 1043.
Scawthorn, C. 2018. "FIRE FOLLOWING THE MW 7.05 HAYWIRED EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO." in Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Los Angeles, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Scawthorn, C., W. E. Gates. 1982a. "Mitigation Of Earthquake Effects On Data Processing Equipment."
Scawthorn, C., Y. Yamada, H. Iemura, M. Kobayashi. 1982b. "A Model For Urban Post-Earthquake Fire Hazard." Transactions Arch. Institute of Japan.
Scawthorn, Charles. 1987. Fire Following Earthquake: Estimates Of The Conflagration Risk To Insured Property In Greater Los Angeles And San Francisco. Oak Brook, Ill.: All-Industry Research Advisory Council.
Scawthorn, Charles. 2011a. "Water Supply In Regards To Fire Following Earthquakes." Pp. 173. Berkeley: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering, University of California, sponsored by the California Seismic Safety Commission, available at www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC_2011-02_WaterSupply_PEER.pdf with four page summary at http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications/peer_reports/reports_2011/Fire%20Following%20Earthquake-online-view-layout-sm.pdf.
Scawthorn, Charles, Andrew D. Cowell, and Frank Borden. 1998. "Fire-Related Aspects Of The Northridge Earthquake." Pp. 165 pp. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST GCR 98-743; National Institute of Standards and Technology Building and Fire Research Laboratory, available at https://nehrpsearch.nist.gov/static/files/NIST/PB99102642.pdf.
Scawthorn, Charles r. 2011b. "Fire Following Earthquake Aspects Of The Southern San Andreas Fault Mw 7.8 Earthquake Scenario." Earthquake Spectra 27(2): 419-41.
Shaw, John H, Andreas Plesch, James F Dolan, Thomas L Pratt, and Patricia Fiore. 2002. "Puente hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92(8):2946-60.
TCLEE (Ed.). 2005. Fire Following Earthquake. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, Technical Council for Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Scawthorn et al. (eds).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019: Leading Resilient Communities through the 21st Century
Pages: 543 - 554
Editors: Mikhail V. Chester, Ph.D., Arizona State University, and Mark Norton, Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority
ISBN (Online): 978-0-7844-8265-0
Copyright
© 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Nov 4, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.