International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019
Durable Concrete Design Guidelines for Bangladesh Using Chloride Mapping
Publication: International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019: Leading Resilient Communities through the 21st Century
ABSTRACT
Sustainability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in chloride laden environment relies on its durability and therefore is a global concern because it threatens natural resources, economic growth, and human safety. Durability requirements in existing international standards from the USA, Australia, Canada, Europe, and India have been studied and compared with latest draft (in 2015) of Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC). Majority of international codes recommended to control i) cement content, ii) water-binder ratio, iii) concrete grade, and iv) cover to rebar, based on exposure environmental conditions of the concrete structure. It was found that durability requirements in Draft BNBC specifying five exposure classifications viz. mild, moderate, severe, very severe, and extreme, certainly requires improvement to address appropriate deterioration mechanisms considering local atmospheric conditions. Published research results and obtained chloride concentration data form this study was used to drive empirical equations to estimate chloride penetration depths and corrosion initiations in RC structure by airborne chloride and that in seawater (submerged, tidal, and splash zones) for the coastal area of Bangladesh. Relationship between critical chloride contents (2% and 0.4% by weight of cement for submerged zone and tidal and splash zone respectively), depth, and exposure period has been used. The outcomes have been utilized to produce a chloride concentration map for Bangladesh classifying severity of the zones with the aid of geographical information system (GIS). A new exposure conditions along with limiting concrete properties based on this in line with the international codes has been proposed for BNBC.
Get full access to this chapter
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Funding from University Grants Commission, Bangladesh through DRE (Project No.: CUET/DRE/2017-18/CE/022) and laboratory support provided by Department of Civil Engineering of CUET are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
ACI Committee 318 (2014). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
Angst, U, Elsener, B, Larsen, C K and Vennesland, Ø (2009). Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete e a review. Cement and Concrete Research, 139(12), 1122–1138.
BNBC, Final Draft, (2015). Bangladesh National Building Code. Housing and Building Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) (2000). Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice. IS 456(4th Rev.), (July), New Delhi, India.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA). 2014. A23.1-14/A23.2-14—Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test Methods and Standard Practices for Concrete; CSA: Mississauga, ON, Canada.
Cole, I S, Paterson, D A and Ganther, W D (2003). Holistic model for atmospheric corrosion. Part I - Theoretical framework for production, transportation and deposition of marine salts. Corrosion Engineering and Science Technology, 38, 129-134
Domone, P and Illston, J (2010). Chloride-Induced Corrosion, 24.4.3, Construction Materials Their nature and behavior, 191-194.
EN ISO 9225 (2012). Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Measurement of environmental parameters affecting corrosivity of atmospheres, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Haque, M N, Al-Khaiat, H and John, B (2006). Proposals for a draft code for designing durable concrete structures in the Arabian Gulf. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 31(1), 205.
Hossain, K M A, Easa, S M and Lachemi, M (2009). Evaluation of the effect of marine salts on urban built infrastructure. Building and Environment, 44(4), 713-722.
IRC 112 (2011). Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges. Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India.
Hossain, K M A and Easa, S M (2011). Spatial distribution of marine salts in coastal region using wet candle sensors. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 73, 228-232.
Kim, J, McCarter, W J., Suryanto, B, Nanukuttan, S, Basheer, P A M, and Chrisp, T M (2016). Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical-and physically-based models. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 133-145.
Kulkarni, V R (2009). Exposure classes for designing durable concrete. Indian Concrete Journal, 833, 23–43.
Luping, T and Utgenannt, P (2008). Chloride ingress and corrosion from the Swedish field exposures under the marine environment, Workshop proceeding from a NORDIC Mini-seminar, Hirtshals, Denmark.
Meira, G R, Andrade, C, Alonso, C, Borba Jr J C and Padilha Jr M (2010). Durability of concrete structures in marine atmosphere zones – The use of chloride rate on the wet candle as an environmental indicator, Cement & Concrete Composites, 32, 427-435.
Meira, G R, Andrade, C, Alonso, C, Padaradtz, I J and Borba Jr J C (2007). Salinity of marine aerosols in a Brazilian coastal area–influence of wind regime, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8431–8441.
Meira, G R, Andrade, C, Alonso, C, Padaratz, I J and Borba, J C (2008). Modelling sea-salt transport and deposition in marine atmosphere zone – A toolfor corrosion studies, Corrosion Science, 50, 2724-2731.
Meira, G R, Padaratz, I J, Alonso, C, and Andrade, C (2003). Effect of distance from the sea on chloride aggressiveness in concrete structures in Brazilian coastal site. Materiais de Construção, Vol. 53, pp. 179-188.
Neville, A (1995). Chloride attack of reinforced concrete: an overview. Materials and Structures, 28(2), 63.
Ragab, A M, Elgammal, M A, Hodhod, O A G and Ahmed, T E (2016). Evaluation of field concrete deterioration under real conditions of seawater attack. Construction and Building Materials, 119, 130-144.
Ramalingam, S and Santhanam, M (2012). Environmental exposure classifications for concrete construction - A relook. Indian Concrete Journal, 8(5), 18–28.
Recommendation, RILEM Draft (1994). Draft Recommendation for Damage Classification of Concrete Structures. Journal of Materials and Structures, 27, 362-369.
Roy, S K, Chye, L K and Northwood, D O (1993). Chloride ingress in concrete as measured by field exposure tests in the atmospheric, tidal and submerged zones of a tropical marine environment. Cement and concrete research, 23, 1289-1306
Schiessl, P and Raupach, M (1990). Influence of concrete composition and microclimate on the critical chloride content in concrete, in: C.L. Page, K.W.J. Treadaway, P.B. Bamforth (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Elsevier Applied Science, London UK, 49–58.
Standards Australia (AS), 2014. Concrete structures-Commentary (Supplement to AS 3600-2009). Standards Australia Limited. Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.
Weerdt, K D, Justnes, H and Geiker, M R (2014). Changes in the phase assemblage of concrete exposed to sea water. Cement & Concrete Composites, 47, 53-63.
Zhang, H F, Zhang, W P, Gu, X L, Jin, X Y, Jin, N G (2016). Chloride penetration in concrete under marine atmospheric environment – analysis of the influencing factors, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 12(11), pp. 1428–1438.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019: Leading Resilient Communities through the 21st Century
Pages: 482 - 493
Editors: Mikhail V. Chester, Ph.D., Arizona State University, and Mark Norton, Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority
ISBN (Online): 978-0-7844-8265-0
Copyright
© 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Nov 4, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.