A Review of “3E” Countermeasures to Reduce Red Light Running

Red-light-running (RLR) is one of the important causes of intersection crashes, and is always a research hotspot of the traffic safety community. The goal of this study is to review the state-of-the-art of countermeasures to reduce RLR. Together with the start and termination of the red light, the concept of the dilemma zone is introduced to classify RLR into three types: intentional RLR at red start, unintentional RLR at red start, and RLR at red termination. After that, the causes for different types of RLR are discussed from the standpoints of driver attributes and road traffic environment. The corresponding “3E” countermeasures for different types of RLR are summarized, including enforcement, engineering, and education countermeasures. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these countermeasures are investigated to form appropriate measures for preventing RLR. In the end, some areas for future research are proposed, such as the joint implementation of multiple countermeasures, a gradually increasing punishment mechanism, and upgrade of red light capture systems.