Immobilization of Cu, Pb, and W in Mixed Munitions Firing Range Contaminated Soils by Various Amendments

Batch leaching tests were conducted to assess the stabilization of cupper (Cu), lead (Pb) and tungsten (W) in six representative contaminated firing range soils in the United States using nine different amendments. The amendments included Granulated Ferric Oxide (GFO), Granulated Titanium Dioxide (GTD), Pahokee Peat Soil (PPS), Gascoyne Leonardite Soil (GLS), Elliot Silty Loam Soil (ESLS), Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Calcium Phosphate Monobasic (CPM), Potassium Phosphate (KP), and Apatite II^TM. GFO and GTD were applied at dosages of 10g/kg, 50g/kg and 100g/kg, organic materials were applied at a dosage of 100g/kg, whereas the phosphate sources were applied initially at a dosage of 1g/kg as phosphorous (P) and then at various dosages in order to normalize the molar ratio of (P/Pb) at 1.8. The experimental results indicated that GFO at a dosage of 100 g/kg (10%) was superior to all materials tested for stabilizing Cu, Pb and W during the batch leaching tests.