Experimental Investigations of the Impact of Tsunami-Like Hydraulic Bores on a Square Vertical Structure. I: Pore Pressure Variations
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VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEPublication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 1
Abstract
A comprehensive experimental program was designed and conducted to investigate the effects of propagation of tsunami-like bores over a permeable surface, including the impacts on pore pressure variation around a square structure. A dam-break generation system was selected to model the tsunami-like bores and the effects of different impoundment depths were investigated to estimate pore pressure variations around a structural model. The latter was installed within a sand bed, and the hydraulic bores propagated over both horizontal and inclined surfaces as well as over dry and wet bed conditions. The latter involved the presence of a still-water layer over the sand bed. The transient variations of pore pressure distribution around the structure were measured, and their results were correlated with impoundment depth, still-water depth, and bed slope. A total of nine pore pressure tensiometers were installed on the front and side walls of the structure to record the time-history of pore pressure variation during bore propagation and subsequent impact onto the rigid structure for both sub- and supercritical bores. The magnitude of peak pore pressure and the time to reach peak pore pressure were found to be correlated with the still-to-impoundment depth ratio. It was found that effective peak pore pressure recorded on the side of the structural model was smaller and it occurred later in the supercritical bores compared with the subcritical bores. The contour plots of pore pressure in both front and side walls of the structural model were developed for a better understanding of the pore pressure distribution during the initial peak and the subsequent quasi-steady-state flow conditions. Experimental results indicate that the magnitude of pore pressure increased with increasing impoundment depth. Furthermore, pore pressure magnitude around the structure was considerably higher in the inclined bed tests, and they reached peak values faster than those observed for the horizontal bed tests. For both the horizontal and inclined bed tests, the front wall of the structural model exhibited larger pore pressure values than those observed on the side walls.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of NSERC Discovery Grants held by Ioan Nistor and Colin Rennie. The authors are also grateful to Mr. Tom Hoffmann from the Hannover University, Germany, for his help with conducting the experimental test program and with analyzing part of the experimental data; Mr. Mark Lapointe, Hydraulic Laboratory Technician, for his assistance during the experimental work; and to Mr. Leo Denner for his electrical assistance in the synchronization of instruments.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- B
- flume width (m);
- b
- width of the structural model (m);
- Cc
- coefficient of curvature (−);
- Cu
- coefficient of uniformity (−);
- do
- impoundment depth (m);
- d16
- 16% of soil particles are finer than this size (m);
- d50
- mean particle diameter (m);
- d84
- 84% of soil particles are finer than this size (m);
- emax
- maximum void ratios (−);
- emin
- minimum void ratios (−);
- Fr
- Froude number (−);
- Gs
- specific gravity of soil (−);
- g
- gravitational acceleration (m · s−2);
- Ho
- wave height (m);
- hmax
- maximum bore depth in front of the structural model (m);
- ho
- still-water depth (m);
- Ks
- soil permeability (cm · s−1);
- P
- pore pressure (kPa);
- Pm
- maximum pore pressure (kPa);
- To
- nondimensional gate removal times (−);
- t
- time (s);
- tm
- time to reach to maximum pore pressure (kPa);
- U
- bore front velocity (m · s−1);
- X
- longitudinal coordinate;
- Y
- lateral coordinate;
- Z
- vertical coordinate;
- z
- soil depth (m);
- ɛ
- tensiometer distance from the soil surface (m); and
- ρ
- water density (kg · m−3).
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Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 1 • January 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 17, 2021
Accepted: Jun 30, 2022
Published online: Oct 31, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 31, 2023
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