Hydraulic Analysis of Intermittent Water-Distribution Networks Considering Partial-Flow Regimes
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 146, Issue 8
Abstract
Modeling intermittent water distribution networks (WDNs) requires effective incorporation of the transient flow conditions, including the transitions from pressurized to partial flow regimes and the inverse associated with periodic filling and emptying of pipes. Most existing hydraulic analysis models fail to account for the partial-flow conditions, and due to this reason, they cannot be directly applied for practical situations. This paper presents an improved pressure-dependent analysis (PDA) model, the PDA-PF model, integrating partial-flow characteristics in the algorithm. The PDA-PF model was developed based on the presumption that the pressure-deficiency triggers partial flows in pipes. The outflows at the demand nodes of highly intermittent WDNs are represented as uncontrolled orifice-based demands. In analyzing the pipe flows, the PDA-PF model performed better than the established models. The suitability of the proposed model for conducting extended period analysis was demonstrated by applying it to a real-world highly intermittent WDN of a municipality of India. Under the circumstances considered, partial-flow conditions existed in the distribution pipes for one-fourth of the total flow duration. The residual flows caused by the emptying of the pipes increased the volumetric water demand satisfaction at the low-elevation nodes of the considered WDN.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code generated and used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
References
Abdy Sayyed, M. A. H., R. Gupta, and T. T. Tanyimboh. 2015. “Noniterative application of EPANET for pressure dependent modelling of water distribution systems.” Water Resour. Manage. 29 (9): 3227–3242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-0992-0.
Andey, S. P., and P. S. Kelkar. 2009. “Influence of intermittent and continuous modes of water supply on domestic water consumption.” Water Resour. Manage. 23 (12): 2555–2566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9396-8.
Ang, W. K., and P. W. Jowitt. 2006. “Solution for water distribution systems under pressure-deficient conditions.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 132 (3): 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:3(175).
Asian Development Bank and Ministry of Urban Development Government of India. 2007. Benchmarking and data book of water utilities in India. Manila, India: Asian Development Bank and Ministry of Urban Development Government of India.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2002. Effects of water age on distribution system water quality, 1–17. Denver: AWWA.
Bhave, P. R. 1981. “Node flow analysis water distribution systems.” J. Transp. Eng. 107 (4): 457–467.
Bourdarias, C., and S. Gerbi. 2007. “A finite volume scheme for a model coupling free surface and pressurised flows in pipes.” J. Comput. Appl. Math. 209 (1): 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2006.10.086.
Bourdarias, C., S. Gerbi, and M. Gisclon. 2008. “A kinetic formulation for a model coupling free surface and pressurised flows in closed pipes.” J. Comput. Appl. Math. 218 (2): 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2007.09.009.
Burt, Z., A. Ercümen, N. Billava, and I. Ray. 2018. “From intermittent to continuous service: Costs, benefits, equity and sustainability of water system reforms in Hubli-Dharwad, India.” World Dev. 109 (Sep): 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.011.
Chandapillai, J. 1991. “Realistic simulation of water distribution system.” J. Transp. Eng. 117 (2): 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1991)117:2(258).
De Marchis, M., C. M. Fontanazza, G. Freni, G. La Loggia, and E. Napoli. 2010a. “A model of the filling process of an intermittent distribution network.” Urban Water J. 7 (6): 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2010.519776.
De Marchis, M., C. M. Fontanazza, G. Freni, G. La Loggia, E. Napoli, and V. Notaro. 2010b. “Modeling of distribution network filling process during intermittent supply.” In Integrating Water Systems: Proc., 10th Int. on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI 2009, 189–194. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
De Marchis, M., B. Milici, and G. Freni. 2015. “Pressure-discharge law of local tanks connected to a water distribution network: Experimental and mathematical results.” Water 7 (12): 4701–4723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094701.
Elala, D., P. Labhasetwar, and S. F. Tyrrel. 2011. “Deterioration in water quality from supply chain to household and appropriate storage in the context of intermittent water supplies.” Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 11 (4): 400–408. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.064.
Elhay, S., O. Piller, J. Deuerlein, and A. R. Simpson. 2016. “A robust, rapidly convergent method that solves the water distribution equations for pressure-dependent models.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 142 (2): 04015047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000578.
Erickson, J. J., C. D. Smith, A. Goodridge, and K. L. Nelson. 2017. “Water quality effects of intermittent water supply in Arraiján, Panama.” Water Res. 114 (May): 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.009.
Fujiwara, O., and J. Li. 1998. “Reliability analysis of water distribution networks in consideration of equity, redistribution, and pressure-dependent demand.” Water Resour. Res. 34 (7): 1843–1850. https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR00908.
Germanopoulos, G. 1985. “A technical note on the inclusion of pressure dependent demand and leakage terms in water supply network models.” Civ. Eng. Syst. 2 (3): 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/02630258508970401.
Giustolisi, O., and T. M. Walski. 2012. “Demand components in water distribution network analysis.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 138 (4): 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000187.
Gorev, N. B., and I. F. Kodzhespirova. 2013. “Noniterative implementation of pressure-dependent demands using the hydraulic analysis engine of EPANET 2.” Water Resour. Manage. 27 (10): 3623–3630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0369-1.
Gupta, R. 2015. “History of pressure-dependent analysis of water distribution networks and its applications.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015, 755–765. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Gupta, R., and P. R. Bhave. 1996. “Comparison of methods for predicting deficient-network performance.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 122 (3): 214–217. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1996)122:3(214).
Jinesh Babu, K. S., and S. Mohan. 2012. “Extended period simulation for pressure-deficient water distribution network.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 26 (4): 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000160.
Kalungi, P., and T. T. Tanyimboh. 2003. “Redundancy model for water distribution systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 82 (3): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(03)00168-6.
Kerger, F., P. Archambeau, B. J. Dewals, S. Erpicum, and M. Pirotton. 2012. “Three-phase bi-layer model for simulating mixed flows.” J. Hydraul. Res. 50 (3): 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2012.684454.
Kumpel, E., and K. L. Nelson. 2013. “Comparing microbial water quality in an intermittent and continuous piped water supply.” Water Res. 47 (14): 5176–5188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.058.
Kumpel, E., and K. L. Nelson. 2014. “Mechanisms affecting water quality in an intermittent piped water supply.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (5): 2766–2775. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405054u.
Kumpel, E., and K. L. Nelson. 2016. “Intermittent water supply: Prevalence, practice, and microbial water quality.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2): 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03973.
Kurian, V., S. Chinnusamy, A. Natarajan, S. Narasimhan, and S. Narasimhan. 2018. “Optimal operation of water distribution networks with intermediate storage facilities.” Comput. Chem. Eng. 119 (Nov): 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.04.017.
Leib, A. M., C. H. Rycroft, and J. Wilkening. 2016. “Optimizing intermittent water supply in urban pipe distribution networks.” SIAM J. Appl. Math. 76 (4): 1492–1514. https://doi.org/10.1137/15M1038979.
Lindley, T. R., and S. G. Buchberger. 2002. “Assessing intrusion susceptibility in distribution systems.” J. Am. Water Work. Assoc. 94 (6): 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09490.x.
Liou, C. P., and W. A. Hunt. 1996. “Filling of pipelines with undulating elevation profiles.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 122 (10): 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:10(534).
Paez, D., C. R. Suribabu, and Y. Filion. 2018. “Method for extended period simulation of water distribution networks with pressure driven demands.” Water Resour. Manage. 32 (8): 2837–2846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1961-1.
Reddy, L. S., and K. Elango. 1989. “Analysis of water distribution networks with head-dependent outlets.” Civ. Eng. Syst. 6 (3): 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/02630258908970550.
Rossman, L. A. 2000. EPANET 2: Users manual. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Shirzad, A., M. Tabesh, R. Farmani, and M. Mohammadi. 2013. “Pressure-discharge relations with application to head-driven simulation of water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 139 (6): 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000305.
Sivakumar, P., and R. K. Prasad. 2015. “Extended period simulation of pressure-deficient networks using pressure reducing valves.” Water Resour. Manage. 29 (5): 1713–1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0907-5.
Suribabu, C. R., and T. R. Neelakantan. 2011. “Balancing reservoir based approach for solution to pressure deficient water distribution networks.” Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng. 2 (2): 648–656.
Swamee, P. K., and A. K. Jain. 1976. “Explicit equations for pipe-flow problems.” J. Hydraul. Div. 102 (5): 657–664.
Taylor, D. D. J., A. H. Slocum, and A. J. Whittle. 2018. “Analytical scaling relations to evaluate leakage and intrusion in intermittent water supply systems.” PLoS One 13 (5): e0196887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196887.
Vairagade, S. A., M. A. H. Abby Sayyed, and R. Gupta. 2015. “Node head flow relationships in skeletonized water distribution networks for predicting performance under deficient conditions.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015, 810–819. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Vairavamoorthy, K., J. Yan, and S. D. Gorantiwar. 2007. “Modelling the risk of contaminant intrusion in water mains.” In Vol. 160 of Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management, 123–132. London: Thomas Telford.
Vasconcelos, J. G., S. J. Wright, and P. L. Roe. 2006. “Improved simulation of flow regime transition in sewers: Two-component pressure approach.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 132 (6): 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:6(553).
Wagner, J. M., U. Shamir, and D. H. Marks. 1988. “Water distribution reliability: Simulation methods.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 114 (3): 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1988)114:3(276).
Walski, T., D. Blakley, M. Evans, and B. Whitman. 2017. “Verifying pressure dependent demand modeling.” Procedia Eng. 186: 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.230.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 146 • Issue 8 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 12, 2018
Accepted: Feb 10, 2020
Published online: Jun 15, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 15, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.