Multielement Hybrid Simulations for Performance Assessment of Multistory Special Concentrically Braced Frames
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 9
Abstract
Accurate numerical modeling of structural components is necessary for both performance-based designs of new structures and performance assessments of existing structures. Steel special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) represent a large portfolio of steel buildings in areas of high seismicity, especially in North America. Therefore, it is necessary to critically study the accuracy of available numerical models for SCBFs and propose improvements to them, if necessary. This requires forming a database of high-fidelity benchmark experimental results for SCBFs against which models can be compared. This paper presents multielement hybrid simulations on a steel SCBF, as a representation of systems with highly unsymmetrical hysteretic response. A representative buckling brace specimen is developed and verified through reversed-cyclic tests to physically capture the response of SCBFs in the experiments. 2-element and 4-element pseudo-dynamic hybrid simulations are carried out on the reference SCBF using the University of Toronto Ten-Element Hybrid Simulation Platform (UT10). The experimental results from the multielement tests are compared with numerical simulations in detail using the available numerical models, which are observed to predict the response well.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [CRD 505341] and Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE) [VIP II-27058].
References
AISC. 2016a. Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings. AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
AISC. 2016b. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. AISC 341-16. Chicago: AISC.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2017a. Guidelines for nonlinear structural analysis for design of buildings, Part I—General. NIST GCR 17-917-46v1. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2017b. Recommended modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for nonlinear analysis in support of seismic evaluation, retrofit, and design. NIST GCR 17-917-45. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
Bathe, K. 1996. Finite element procedures. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bertero, V. V., C.-M. Uang, C. R. Llopiz, and K. Igarashi. 1989. “Earthquake simulator testing of concentric braced dual system.” J. Struct. Eng. 115 (8): 1877–1894. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:8(1877).
Black, R. G., W. A. Wenger, and E. P. Popov. 1980. Inelastic buckling of steel struts under cyclic load reversals. UCB/EERC-80/40. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation, American Iron and Steel Institute.
Chopra, A. K., and F. McKenna. 2016. “Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (2): 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2622.
Christopoulos, C., and A. Filiatrault. 2006. Principles of supplemental damping and base isolation. Milan, Italy: Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia.
Combescure, D., and P. Pegon. 1997. “α-Operator splitting time integration technique for pseudodynamic testing error propagation analysis.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 16 (7–8): 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00017-1.
Dassault Systems. 2013. ABAQUS 6.13 user’s manual. Providence, RI: Dassault Systems.
Erochko, J., C. Christopoulos, R. Tremblay, and H. Choi. 2011. “Residual drift response of SMRFs and BRB frames in steel buildings according to ASCE 7-05.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (5): 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000296.
FEMA. 2009. Effects of strength and stiffness degradation on seismic response. FEMA 440A. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Foutch, D. A., S. C. Goel, and C. W. Roeder. 1987. “Seismic testing of full-scale steel building—Part I.” J. Struct. Eng. 113 (11): 2111–2129. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:11(2111).
Goel, S. C. 1992. “Cyclic post buckling behavior of steel bracing members.” In Stability and ductility of steel structures under cyclic loading, 75–84. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Gunnarsson, I. R. 2004. “Numerical performance evaluation of braced frame systems.” MSCE thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Washington.
Hamburger, R., G. Deierlein, D. Lehman, L. Lowes, B. Shing, J. Van de Lindt, D. Lignos, and A. Hortacsu. 2016. “ATC-114 Next-generation hysteretic relationships for performance-based modeling and analysis.” In Proc., SEAOC Convention. Redwood City, CA: Applied Technology Council.
Harris, H. G., and G. Sabnis. 1999. Structural modeling and experimental techniques. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Hsiao, P. C., D. E. Lehman, and C. W. Roeder. 2012. “Improved analytical model for special concentrically braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 73 (Jun): 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.01.010.
Huang, X., and O. Kwon. 2018. “A generalized numerical/experimental distributed simulation framework.” J. Earthquake Eng. 24 (4): 682–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1423585.
Hwang, S.-H., and D. G. Lignos. 2017. “Effect of modeling assumptions on the earthquake-induced losses and collapse risk of steel-frame buildings with special concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001851.
Karamanci, E., and D. G. Lignos. 2014. “Computational approach for collapse assessment of concentrically braced frames in seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (8): A014019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001011.
Lehman, D. E., C. W. Roeder, D. Herman, S. Johnson, and B. Kotulka. 2008. “Improved seismic performance of gusset plate connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (6): 890–901. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:6(890).
Lignos, D. G., H. Krawinkler, and A. S. Whittaker. 2011. “Prediction and validation of sidesway collapse of two scale models of a 4-story steel moment frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 40 (7): 807–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1061.
Liu, J., and A. Astaneh-Asl. 2004. “Moment-rotation parameters for composite shear tab connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (9): 1371–1380. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:9(1371).
McKenna, F., G. L. Fenves, and M. H. Scott. 2000. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Menengotto, M. 1973. “Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and nonelastic behavior of elements under combined normal force and bending.” In Proc., IABSE Symp. on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads, 15–22. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
Mojiri, S. 2019. “Development of a 10-element hybrid simulation platform and its application to seismic performance assessment of multi-storey braced frames.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto.
Mojiri, S., O. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2019. “Development of a 10-element hybrid simulation platform and an adjustable yielding brace for performance evaluation of multi-story braced frames subjected to earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 48 (7): 749–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3155.
Mojiri, S., P. Mortazavi, O. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2021. “Seismic response evaluation of a 5-story buckling-restrained braced frame using multi-element pseudo-dynamic hybrid simulations.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (12): 3243–3265. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3508.
Mortazavi, P., X. Huang, O. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2017a. “Example manual for University of Toronto Simulation (UT-SIM) framework. An open-source framework for integrated multi-platform simulations for structural resilience (second edition).” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Hybrid Simulation. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto.
Mortazavi, P., X. Huang, O. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2017b. “An overview of the University of Toronto Simulation (UT-SIM) framework and its application to the performance assessment of structures.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering. Pavia, Italy: EUCENTRE Foundation.
Mortazavi, P., and J. Humar. 2016. “Consideration of diaphragm flexibility in the seismic design of one-story buildings.” Eng. Struct. 127 (Nov): 748–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.011.
Mortazavi, P., O.-S. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2022. “Four-element pseudodynamic hybrid simulation of a steel frame with cast steel yielding connectors under earthquake excitations.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (2): 04021255. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003232.
Mortazavi, P., S. Mojiri, O. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2021. “Multi-element hybrid simulation test results on a 5-story SCBF.” In Vol. 1 of Scholars Portal Dataverse. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto. https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/DXE71P.
Mosqueda, G., and M. Ahmadizadeh. 2011. “Iterative implicit integration procedure for hybrid simulation of large nonlinear structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 40 (9): 945–960. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1066.
MTS. 2015. MTS Flextest models 40/60/100/200 controller hardware. Eden Prairie, MN: MTS.
Nakashima, M., T. Kaminosono, M. Ishida, and K. Ando. 1990. “Integration technique for substructure pseudodynamic test.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 4th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 515–524. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Nakashima, M., T. Nagae, R. Enokida, and K. Kajiwara. 2018. “Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E-defense—Tests using world’s largest shaking table.” Jpn. Archit. Rev. 1 (1): 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/2475-8876.10020.
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program). 2011. Selecting and scaling earthquake ground motions for performing response-history analyse. NIST GCR 11-917-15. Redwood City, CA: NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture for National for the Institute of Standards and Technology.
Newmark, N. M. 1959. “A method of computation for structural dynamics.” J. Eng. Mech. Div. 85 (3): 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0000098.
Okazaki, T., D. G. Lignos, T. Hikino, and K. Kajiwara. 2013. “Dynamic response of a chevron concentrically braced frame.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (4): 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000679.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2015. “PEER ground motion database.” Accessed July 15, 2017. http://ngawest2.berkeley.edu.
Roeder, C. W., E. J. Lumpkin, and D. E. Lehman. 2011. “A balanced design procedure for special concentrically braced frame connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 67 (11): 1760–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.04.016.
Sabelli, R., C. W. Roeder, and J. F. Hajjar. 2013. Seismic design of steel special concentrically braced frame systems. NIST GCR 13-917-24. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Shing, P. S. B., and T. Manivannan. 1990. “On the accuracy of an implicit algorithm for pseudodynamic tests.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 19 (5): 631–651. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290190502.
Shing, P. S. B., M. T. Vannan, and E. Cater. 1991. “Implicit time integration for pseudodynamic tests.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 20 (6): 551–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290200605.
Terzic, V. 2013. “Modeling SCB frames using beam-column elements.” Seminar OpenSees. Abril. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://opensees.berkeley.edu.
Thornton, W. A. 1984. “Bracing connections for heavy construction.” Eng. J. Am. Inst. steel Constr. 21 (3): 139–148.
Tremblay, R. 2000. “Influence of brace slenderness on the seismic response of concentrically braced steel frames.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf.: Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas—Stessa, edited by F. M. Mazzolani and R. Tremblay, 527–534. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Tremblay, R. 2008. “Influence of brace slenderness on the fracture life of rectangular tubular steel bracing members subjected to seismic inelastic loading.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2008: Crossing Borders, 1–10. Reston, VA: Structural Engineering Institute of the ASCE.
Tremblay, R., M.-H. Archambault, and A. Filiatrault. 2003. “Seismic response of concentrically braced steel frames made with rectangular hollow bracing members.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (12): 1626–1636. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1626).
Tsai, C. Y., et al. 2013. “Seismic design and hybrid tests of a full-scale three-story concentrically braced frame using in-plane buckling braces.” Earthquake Spectra 29 (3): 1043–1067. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000165.
Uriz, P., and S. A. Mahin. 2008. Toward earthquake-resistant design of concentrically braced steel-frame structures. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
USGS. 2015. “USGS scientific research results.” Accessed May 15, 2017. https://www.usgs.gov/.
UT-SIM (University of Toronto Simulation Framework). 2020. “An open framework for integrated multi-platform simulations for structural resilience.” Accessed July 15, 2020. https://www.ut-sim.ca/.
Whitmore, R. E. 1952. “Experimental investigation of stresses in gusset plates.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Tennessee.
Yamanouchi, H., M. Midorikawa, I. Nishiyama, and M. Watabe. 1989. “Seismic behavior of full-scale concentrically braced steel building structure.” J. Struct. Eng. 115 (8): 1917–1929. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:8(1917).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 9 • September 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 11, 2021
Accepted: Apr 28, 2022
Published online: Jul 7, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 7, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.