Modeling Nonlinear-Inelastic Seismic Response of Tall Buildings with Soil–Structure Interaction
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 7
Abstract
Soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects are of interest for the seismic analysis and the design of tall buildings on shallow foundations, particularly when both the structure and soil undergo inelastic demands. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the interaction of nonlinear soil-structure systems using the direct fully-coupled approach for modeling SSI. Numerical simulations of linear and nonlinear tall buildings, combined with either fixed-base conditions at the ground level or an explicit soil domain, are performed. The soil domain was modeled assuming either linear elastic isotropic or multiple yield surface plane strain continuum constitutive models. An archetype 30-story building supported on a mat foundation was modeled using nonlinear link elements to control geometry, stiffness, and strength. Structural stiffness and mass profiles were algorithmically generated to satisfy prescribed modal characteristics of tall buildings and achieve a more realistic response. The influence of nonlinear material responses for both structure and supporting soils subjected to selected earthquake time histories is quantified using drifts, accelerations, displacements, hysteretic energy, and transfer functions. Nonlinear analyses considering SSI largely influenced the computed seismic structural response presented in this paper, showing a significant decrease of the seismic demands when compared to those demands obtained with linear SSI models, which impacts the structural behavior and has practical implications in seismic-resistant designs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. CMMI-1563428. The support of Dr. Joy Pauschke, program director at the National Science Foundation, is greatly appreciated.
References
AMEC. 2013. Final geotechnical data report. Los Angeles: Metro.
Arboleda-Monsalve, L. G., J. A. Mercado, V. Terzic, and K. R. Mackie. 2020. “Soil–structure interaction effects on seismic performance and earthquake-induced losses in tall buildings.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (5): 04020028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002248.
ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Biot, M. A. 1962. “Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative media.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 (9): 1254–1264. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1918315.
Blume, J. A. 1968. “Dynamic characteristics of multistory buildings.” J. Struct. Div. 94 (2): 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0001880.
Brownjohn, J. M. W. 2003. “Ambient vibration studies for system identification of tall buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 32 (1): 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.215.
Calvi, G., R. Pinho, and H. Crowley. 2006. “State-of-the-knowledge on the period elongation of RC buildings during strong ground shaking.” In Proc., 1st European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, 3–8. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Charney, F. A. 2008. “Unintended consequences of modeling damping in structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (4): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581).
Chopra, A. K., and F. McKenna. 2016. “Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (2): 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2622.
Elgamal, A., Z. Yang, and E. Parra. 2002. “Computational modeling of cyclic mobility and post-liquefaction site response.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 22 (4): 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00022-2.
Filippou, F. C., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behaviour of reinforced concrete joints. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Galal, K., and M. Naimi. 2008. “Effect of soil conditions on the response of reinforced concrete tall structures to near-fault earthquakes.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 17 (3): 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.365.
Givens, M. J. 2013. “Dynamic soil-structure interaction of instrumented buildings and test structures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California.
Johnson, L. D. 1989. Design and construction of mat foundation. Vicksburg, MS: USACE.
Karapetrou, S. T., S. D. Fotopoulou, and K. D. Pitilakis. 2015. “Seismic vulnerability assessment of high-rise non-ductile RC buildings considering soil–structure interaction effects.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 73 (Jun): 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.02.016.
Karimi, Z., and S. Dashti. 2016. “Seismic performance of shallow founded structures on liquefiable ground: Validation of numerical simulations using centrifuge experiments.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (6): 04016011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001479.
Katsanos, E. I., and A. G. Sextos. 2015. “Inelastic spectra to predict period elongation of structures under earthquake loading.” Earthquake. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (11): 1765–1782. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2554.
Lignos, D. G., and E. Miranda. 2014. “Estimation of base motion in instrumented steel buildings using output-only system identification.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (4): 547–563. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2359.
Lysmer, J., and R. L. Kuhlemeyer. 1969. “Finite dynamic model for infinite media.” Eng. Mech. Div. 95 (4): 859–878.
McKenna, F., G. L. Fenves, M. H. Scott, and B. Jeremic. 2000. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSees). Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Mercado, J. A., and L. G. Arboleda-Monsalve. 2019. “Influence of substructure levels on the computed seismic performance of low-rise structures.” J. Earthquake Eng. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1568928.
Mercado, J. A., L. G. Arboleda-Monsalve, and K. R. Mackie. 2021. “Nonlinear-inelastic-degrading structural modeling approach to assess the seismic soil-structure interaction response of tall buildings.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.
Mercado, J. A., L. G. Arboleda-Monsalve, and V. Terzic. 2019. “Seismic soil-structure interaction response of tall buildings.” In Proc., Geo-Congress 2019, 118–128. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482100.013.
Meyerhof, G. 1957. “Discussion on research on determining the density of sands by penetration testing.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 110. London: Butterworths Scientific.
Mucciarelli, M. 2004. “Analysis of RC building dynamic response and soil-building resonance based on data recorded during a damaging earthquake (Molise, Italy, 2002).” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94 (5): 1943–1953. https://doi.org/10.1785/012003186.
Mylonakis, G., and G. Gazetas. 2000. “Seismic soil-structure interaction: Beneficial or detrimental?” J. Earthquake Eng. 4 (3): 277–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460009350372.
NIST. 2012. Soil-structure interaction for building structures. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
Novak, M., and L. El Hifnawy. 1983. “Effect of soil-structure interaction on damping of structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 11 (5): 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290110503.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research). 2014. “PEER ground motion database.” Accessed February 20, 2020. https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu.
Şafak, E. 1991. “Identification of linear structures using discrete-time filters.” J. Struct. Eng. 117 (10): 3064–3085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:10(3064).
Stewart, J. P., and G. L. Fenves. 1998. “System identification for evaluating soil-structure interaction effects in buildings from strong motion recordings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 27 (8): 869–885. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199808)27:8%3C869::AID-EQE762%3E3.0.CO;2-9.
Stewart, J. P., G. L. Fenves, and R. B. Seed. 1999. “Seismic soil-structure interaction in buildings. I: Analytical methods.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (1): 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:1(26).
Taranath, B. S. 2012. Structural analysis and design of tall buildings. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Tavakoli, R., R. Kamgar, and R. Rahgozar. 2019. “Seismic performance of outrigger–belt truss system considering soil–structure interaction.” Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 11 (1): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-0215-7.
Tileylioglu, S. 2008. “Evaluation of soil-structure interaction effects from field performance data.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California.
Tileylioglu, S., R. L. Nigbor, and J. P. Stewart. 2008. “Determination of soil-structure interaction effects for a model test structure using parametric system identification procedures.” In Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV, 1–10. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)123.
Tomeo, R., D. Pitilakis, A. Bilotta, and E. Nigro. 2018. “SSI effects on seismic demand of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Aug): 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.104.
Trifunac, M. D., S. S. Ivanović, and M. I. Todorovska. 2001a. “Apparent periods of a building. I: Fourier analysis.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (5): 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:5(517).
Trifunac, M. D., S. S. Ivanović, and M. I. Todorovska. 2001b. “Apparent periods of a building. II: Time-frequency analysis.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (5): 527–537. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:5(527).
Udwadia, F. E., and M. D. Trifunac. 1973. “Time and amplitude dependent response of structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 2 (4): 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290020406.
Yang, Z., A. Elgamal, and E. Parra. 2003. “Computational model for cyclic mobility and associated shear deformation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (12): 1119–1127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1119).
Yang, Z., J. Lu, and A. Elgamal. 2008. OpenSees soil models and solid-fluid fully coupled elements: User’s manual. San Diego: Univ. of California.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 7 • July 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 22, 2020
Accepted: Feb 17, 2021
Published online: Apr 27, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 27, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Jishuai Wang, Yazhou Xie, Tong Guo, Zhenyu Du, Predicting the Influence of Soil–Structure Interaction on Seismic Responses of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings Using Convolutional Neural Network, Buildings, 10.3390/buildings13020564, 13, 2, (564), (2023).
- Kennedy C. Onyelowe, Ahmed M. Ebid, Evangelin Ramani Sujatha, Farid Fazel-Mojtahedi, Ali Golaghaei-Darzi, Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni, Nabaz Nooralddin-Othman, Extensive overview of soil constitutive relations and applications for geotechnical engineering problems, Heliyon, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14465, 9, 3, (e14465), (2023).
- Siddharth S. Parida, Supratik Bose, Megan Butcher, Georgios Apostolakis, Prashant Shekhar, SVD enabled data augmentation for machine learning based surrogate modeling of non-linear structures, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115600, 280, (115600), (2023).
- Lovepreet Singh, Harpal Singh, Inderpreet Kaur, Nonlinear time history analysis on irregular RC building on sloping ground, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 10.1007/s41062-023-01049-1, 8, 2, (2023).
- Kamale G, Satheeshkumar K R P, Soil Structure Interaction in High-Rise Buildings for Dynamic Loads, International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 10.48175/IJARSCT-2243, (153-156), (2022).
- Jaime A. Mercado, Luis G. Arboleda-Monsalve, Kevin Mackie, Soil and Structural Nonlinear Inelastic Effects on the Seismic Response of Tall Buildings, Geo-Congress 2022, 10.1061/9780784484043.033, (339-348), (2022).
- Francisco J. Pinto, Christian Ledezma, Jose A. Abell, Rodrigo Astroza, Shideh Dashti, Soil–basement interaction effects on the seismic response of tall buildings with basement levels, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114406, 263, (114406), (2022).
- Jaime A. Mercado, Luis G. Arboleda-Monsalve, Kevin R. Mackie, Nonlinear Inelastic-Degrading Structural Modeling Approach to Assess the Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction Response of Tall Buildings, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002628, 147, 10, (2021).