Design of Nonzero Uniformly Sloping Laterals in Trickle Irrigation Systems
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 5
Abstract
An analytical method was developed to design evenly sloping, pressurized, nontapered, multiple-outlet pipes. Assuming spatiotemporal continuity of emitter flow rates, the approach was derived from the solution of analytical nonlinear differential equations. A straightforward relationship was established between the inlet discharge, the lateral slope, the diameter, and the pressure head at the upstream and downstream ends. Five pressure head grade line profiles were derived: uniformly uphill, level ground, steeply downhill, moderately downhill, and slightly downhill. For moderately downhill laterals, the theoretical analysis revealed that the pressure head at the outermost rim was independent of the inlet discharge. For the other profiles, the pressure head at the downstream edge was parameterized as a function of the inlet discharge. The iterative computation of the inlet discharge is a prerequisite for the inference of the other design parameters. This approach was successfully compared with the stepwise method that is deemed to be the most accurate.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I. A., eds. (1964). Handbook of mathematical functions, Dover, New York.
Anwar, A. A. (2000). “Inlet pressure for horizontal tapered laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 126(1), 57–63.
Barragan, J., and Wu, I. P. (2005). “Simple pressure parameters for micro-irrigation design.” Biosyst. Eng., 90(4), 463–475.
Cornil, J. M., and Testud, P. (1995). Maple: Introduction raisonnée à l’usage de l’étudiant, de l’ingénieur et du chercheur, Springer, Berlin.
Dass, H. K. (2005). Advanced engineering mathematics, S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1183.
Holzapfel, E. A., Pannunzio, A., Lorite, I., Silva de Oliveira, A. S., and Farkas, I. (2009). “Design and management of irrigation systems.” Chilean J. Agric. Res., 69(Suppl. 1), 17–25.
Gerrish, P. J., Bralts, V. F., and Shayya, W. H. (1996a). “An improved analysis of micro irrigation hydraulics using a virtual emitter system.” Trans. ASAE, 39(4), 1403–1410.
Gerrish, P. J., Shayya, W. H., and Bralts, V. F. (1996b). “An improved method for incorporating pipe components into the analysis of hydraulic networks.” Trans. ASAE, 39(4), 1337–1343.
Hathoot, H. M., Al-Amoud, A. I., and Mohammad, F. S. (1993). “Analysis and design of trickle irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 119(5), 756–767.
Juana, L., Losada, A., Sinobas, L. R., and Sanchez, R. (2004). “Analytical relationships for designing rectangular drip irrigation units.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 130(1), 47–59.
Kang, Y., and Nishiyama, S. (1996). “Analysis of microirrigation systems using a lateral discharge equation.” Trans. ASAE, 39(3), 921–929.
Keller, J., and Bliesner, R. D. (1990). Sprinkle and trickle irrigation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Mathews, J. H., and Fink, K. D. (2004). Numerical methods using MATLAB, 4th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Moore, H. (2009). MATLAB for engineers, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Nakayama, F. S., and Bucks, D. A. (1986). Trickle irrigation for crop production, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ravindra, V. K., Singh, R. P., and Mahar, P. S. (2008). “Optimal design of pressurized irrigation subunit.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 134(2), 137–146.
Scaloppi, E. J., and Allen, R. G. (1993). “Hydraulics of irrigation laterals: Comparative analysis.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 119(1), 91–115.
Valiantzas, J. D. (1998). “Analytical approach for direct drip lateral hydraulic calculation.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 124(6), 300–305.
Vallesquino, P. (2008). “An approach for simulating the hydraulic performance of irrigation laterals.” Irrig. Sci., 26(6), 475–486.
Warrick, A. W., and Yitayew, M. (1988). “Trickle lateral hydraulics. I: Analytical solution.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 114(2), 281–288.
Watters, G. Z., and Keller, J. (1978). Trickle irrigation tubing hydraulics, Technical paper 78-2015, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Wu, I. P., and Gitlin, H. M. (1975). “Energy gradient line for drip irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Div., 101(4), 323–326.
Wu, I. P., and Gitlin, H. M. (1979). “Drip irrigation design on nonuniform slopes.” J. Irrig. Drain. Div., 105(3), 289–303.
Wu, I. P., and Gitlin, H. M. (1981). “Preliminary concept of a drip irrigation network design.” Trans. ASAE, 24(2), 330–334.
Wu, P. T., Zhu, D. L., and Wang, J. (2010). “Gravity-fed drip irrigation design procedure for single manifold subunit.” Irrig. Sci., 28(4), 359–369.
Yildirim, G. (2008). “Determining operating inlet pressure head incorporating uniformity parameters for multioutlet plastic pipelines.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 134(3), 341–348.
Yildirim, G. (2010). “Total energy loss assessment for trickle lateral lines equipped with integrated in-line and on-line emitters.” Irrig. Sci., 28(4), 341–352.
Yitayew, M., and Warrick, A. W. (1988). “Trickle lateral hydraulics. II: Design and examples.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 114(2), 289–300.
Zayani, K., Alouini, A., Lebdi, F., and Lamaddalena, N. (2001). “Design of drip line in irrigation systems using the energy drop ratio approach.” Trans. ASABE, 44(5), 1127–1133.
Zayani, K., Alouini, A., and Souissi, A. (2008). “Design of trickle irrigation laterals using energy drop ratio approach.” Trans. ASABE, 51(6), 2029–2037.
Zayani, K., and Hammami, M. (2009). “Design of level ground laterals in trickle irrigation systems.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 135(5), 620–625.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 26, 2012
Accepted: Nov 20, 2012
Published online: Nov 22, 2012
Published in print: May 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.