Modified and Correction Factors for Laterals with Multiple Outlets and Outflow
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 137, Issue 11
Abstract
Anwar’s friction correction factor, , and the average correction factor, , are used to compute the head loss resulting from friction and to calculate the required inlet pressure in horizontal tapered sprinkler laterals with multiple outlets. As a result of their being developed by using a discrete outflow model, which consists of a finite number of operating outlets, the previous approaches for determining these factors required tables or the solving of relatively complex formulas that may be cumbersome. In addition, use of these factors is subject to certain errors when the Darcy-Weisbach equation is used because they are developed assuming a constant friction factor along the lateral. In this study, considering the continuous flow-rate variation concept, at first, two simple and direct equations for calculating the and the factor were developed. The proposed equations are then adjusted for the case in which the variability of the friction factor should be considered. The validity of suggested equations is demonstrated by an example and compared with the accurate numerical solution.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Anwar, A. A. (1999a). “Adjusted factor for pipelines with multiple outlets and outflow.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 125(6), 355–359
Anwar, A. A. (1999b). “Factor for pipelines with equally spaced multiple outlets and outflow.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 125(1), 34–38
Anwar, A. A. (2000). “Inlet pressure for tapered horizontal laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 126(1), 57–63
Anyoji, H., and Wu, I. P. (1987). “Statistical approach for drip lateral design.” Trans. ASAE, 30(1), 187–192
Baars, I. C. (1976). Design of trickle irrigation systems, Dept. of Irrigation and Civil Engineering, Agricultural Univ., Wageningen, Netherlands
Bagarello, V., Ferro, V., Provenzano, G., and Pumo, D. (1995). “Experimental study on flow resistance law for small diameter plastic pipes.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 121(5), 313–316
Christiansen, J. E. (1942). “Irrigation by sprinkling.” California Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 670, Univ. of California, Davis, CA
Keller, J., and Bliesner, R. D. (1990). Sprinkler and trickle irrigation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Liou, C. P. (1998). “Limitation and proper use of the Hazen-Williams equation.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 124(9), 951–954
Mohamed, H. I. (2007). “Hydraulic analysis of tapered and inclined sprinkler irrigation laterals.” Proc., 11th Int. Water Technology Conf., Mansoura Univ., El-Mansoura, Egypt
Scaloppi, E. J., and Allen, R. G. (1993). “Hydraulics of irrigation laterals: Comparative analysis.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 119(1), 91–115
Swamee, P., and Jain, A. (1976). “Explicit equations for pipe flow problems.” J. Hydraul. Div., 102(5), 657–664
Valiantzas, J. D. (2002a). “Continuous outflow variation along irrigation laterals: Effect of the number of outlets.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 128(1), 34–42
Valiantzas, J. D. (2002b). “Hydraulic analysis and optimum design of multi-diameter irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 128(2), 78–86
Valiantzas, J. D. (2005). “Modified Hazen-Williams and Darcy-Weisbach equations for friction and local head losses along irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 131(4), 342–350
Vallesquino, P. (2008). “An approach for simulating the hydraulic performance of irrigation laterals.” Irrig. Sci., 26(6), 475–486
Vallesquino, P., and Luque-Escamillia, P. L. (2002). “Equivalent friction factor method for hydraulic calculation in irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 128(5), 278–286
von Bernuth, R. D. (1990). “Simple and accurate friction loss equation for plastic pipe.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 116(2), 294–298
Watters, G. Z., and Keller, J. (1978). “Trickle irrigation tubing hydraulics.” Paper No. 78-2015, Proc., Summer Meeting of ASAE, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT
Wu, I. P., and Gitlin, H. M. (1975). “Energy gradient line for drip irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Div., 101(4), 323–326
Yildirim, G. (2009). “Simplified procedure for hydraulic design of small-diameter plastic pipes.” Irrig. Drain, 58(2), 209–233
Yildirim, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2004). “Linear solution for hydraulic analysis of tapered microirrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 130(1), 78–87
Yitayew, M. (2009). “Simplified method for sizing laterals with two or more diameters.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 135(1), 111–114
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 22, 2010
Accepted: Dec 9, 2010
Published online: Dec 11, 2010
Published in print: Nov 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.